WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2011 Oct 12;366(1579):2748-55. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2011.0106.
Innate immunity was for a long time considered to be non-specific because the major function of this system is to digest pathogens and present antigens to the cells involved in acquired immunity. However, recent studies have shown that innate immunity is not non-specific, but is instead sufficiently specific to discriminate self from pathogens through evolutionarily conserved receptors, designated Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Indeed, innate immunity has a crucial role in early host defence against invading pathogens. Furthermore, TLRs were found to act as adjuvant receptors that create a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity, and to have important roles in the induction of adaptive immunity. This paradigm shift is now changing our thinking on the pathogenesis and treatment of infectious, immune and allergic diseases, as well as cancers. Besides TLRs, recent findings have revealed the presence of a cytosolic detector system for invading pathogens. I will review the mechanisms of pathogen recognition by TLRs and cytoplasmic receptors, and then discuss the roles of these receptors in the development of adaptive immunity in response to viral infection.
固有免疫很长一段时间被认为是非特异性的，因为该系统的主要功能是消化病原体并将抗原呈递给参与获得性免疫的细胞。然而，最近的研究表明，固有免疫并非非特异性，而是通过进化上保守的受体（称为 Toll 样受体 (TLR)）具有足够的特异性来区分自身与病原体。事实上，固有免疫在宿主早期防御入侵病原体方面发挥着关键作用。此外，TLR 被发现作为佐剂受体，在固有免疫和适应性免疫之间架起桥梁，并在诱导适应性免疫方面发挥重要作用。这种范式转变正在改变我们对感染性、免疫性和过敏性疾病以及癌症的发病机制和治疗的思考。除 TLR 外，最近的研究还揭示了存在针对入侵病原体的细胞质检测系统。我将回顾 TLR 和细胞质受体识别病原体的机制，然后讨论这些受体在应对病毒感染时适应性免疫发展中的作用。
