Environmental Conservation Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112, USA.
Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 2012 Feb;62(2):282-95. doi: 10.1007/s00244-011-9704-9. Epub 2011 Sep 6.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), derived from oil and fuel combustion, are ubiquitous nonpoint source pollutants that can have a number of detrimental effects on fish and wildlife. In this study, we monitored PAH exposure in outmigrant juvenile Chinook salmon from the Lower Columbia River to evaluate the risk that these contaminants might pose to the health and recovery of threatened and endangered salmonids. Juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) were collected by beach seine from five sites in the Lower Columbia River from Bonneville Dam to the mouth of the estuary (Warrendale, the Willamette-Columbia Confluence, Columbia City, Beaver Army Terminal, and Point Adams) and from a site in the Lower Willamette near downtown Portland (Morrison Street Bridge). Sediment samples were also collected at the same sites. Concentrations of PAHs in sediment samples were relatively low at all sites with average total PAH concentrations <1000 ng/g dry weight (wt.). However, we found PAHs in stomach contents of salmon from all sites at concentrations ranging from <100 to >10,000 ng/g wet wt. Metabolites of low and high molecular-weight PAHs were also detected in bile of salmon from all sites; for metabolites fluorescing at phenanthrene (PHN) wavelengths, concentrations ranged from 1.1 to 6.0 μg/mg bile protein. Levels of PAHs in stomach contents and PAH metabolites in bile were highest in salmon from the Morrison Street Bridge site in Portland and the Willamette-Columbia Confluence, Columbia City, and Beaver Army Terminal sites. Mean PAH concentrations measured in some stomach content samples from the Columbia City, Beaver Army Terminal, and Morrison Street Bridge sites were near the threshold concentration (approximately 7200-7600 ng/g wet wt.) associated with variability and immune dysfunction in juvenile salmonids (Meador et al., Can J Fish Aquat Sci 63:2364-2376, 2006; Bravo et al., Environ Toxicol Chem 30:704-714, 2011). Mean levels of biliary fluorescent aromatic compounds (FACs)-PHN in juvenile Chinook collected at the Morrison Street Bridge site in Portland, at the Confluence and Columbia City sites, and at the Beaver Army Terminal site were at or above a threshold effect concentration of 2 μg/mg protein for FACs-PHN linked to growth impairment, altered energetics, and reproductive effects (Meador et al., Environ Toxicol Chem 27(4):845-853, 2008). These findings suggest that PAHs in the food chain are a potential source of injury to juvenile salmon in the Lower Columbia and Lower Willamette rivers.
多环芳烃（PAHs）来源于石油和燃料燃烧，是无处不在的非点源污染物，对鱼类和野生动物有许多不利影响。在这项研究中，我们监测了下哥伦比亚河洄游幼鲑鱼体内的 PAH 暴露情况，以评估这些污染物对受威胁和濒危鲑鱼健康和恢复的潜在风险。幼鲑鱼（Oncorhynchus tshawytscha）在下哥伦比亚河的五个地点（从博纳维尔大坝到河口的沃伦代尔、威拉米特-哥伦比亚汇合处、哥伦比亚城、比弗陆军码头和亚当斯角）以及波特兰市中心附近的下威拉米特的一个地点（莫里森街大桥）用海滩围网收集。还在同一地点收集了沉积物样本。所有地点的沉积物样本中 PAH 浓度相对较低，平均总 PAH 浓度<1000ng/g 干重（wt.）。然而，我们发现所有地点鲑鱼胃内容物中都含有 PAH，浓度范围为<100 至>10,000ng/g 湿重。所有地点鲑鱼的胆汁中也检测到低分子量和高分子量 PAH 的代谢物；对于在菲（PHN）波长处发荧光的代谢物，浓度范围为 1.1 至 6.0μg/mg 胆汁蛋白。波特兰莫里森街大桥、威拉米特-哥伦比亚汇合处、哥伦比亚城和比弗陆军码头地点鲑鱼胃内容物和胆汁中 PAH 代谢物的含量最高。哥伦比亚城、比弗陆军码头和莫里森街大桥地点一些胃内容物样本中测量的平均 PAH 浓度接近与幼鲑鱼的变异性和免疫功能障碍相关的阈值浓度（约 7200-7600ng/g 湿重）（Meador 等人，加拿大渔业和水产科学杂志 63:2364-2376，2006 年； Bravo 等人，环境毒理学化学 30:704-714，2011 年）。在波特兰莫里森街大桥、汇合处和哥伦比亚城以及比弗陆军码头地点收集的幼鲑鱼胆汁中荧光芳香族化合物（FACs）-PHN 的平均水平高于或等于与生长受损、能量改变和生殖效应相关的 FACs-PHN 的阈效应浓度 2μg/mg 蛋白（Meador 等人，环境毒理学化学 27(4):845-853，2008 年）。这些发现表明，食物链中的多环芳烃是下哥伦比亚河和下威拉米特河幼鲑鱼受伤的潜在来源。
