Institute of Applied Physics, TU Wien, 1040 Vienna, Austria.
J Phys Condens Matter. 2011 Oct 5;23(39):393001. doi: 10.1088/0953-8984/23/39/393001. Epub 2011 Sep 7.
This topical review focuses on recent advances in the understanding of the formation of surface nanostructures, an intriguing phenomenon in ion-surface interaction due to the impact of individual ions. In many solid targets, swift heavy ions produce narrow cylindrical tracks accompanied by the formation of a surface nanostructure. More recently, a similar nanometric surface effect has been revealed for the impact of individual, very slow but highly charged ions. While swift ions transfer their large kinetic energy to the target via ionization and electronic excitation processes (electronic stopping), slow highly charged ions produce surface structures due to potential energy deposited at the top surface layers. Despite the differences in primary excitation, the similarity between the nanostructures is striking and strongly points to a common mechanism related to the energy transfer from the electronic to the lattice system of the target. A comparison of surface structures induced by swift heavy ions and slow highly charged ions provides a valuable insight to better understand the formation mechanisms.
本文综述了近年来对离子-表面相互作用中表面纳米结构形成这一有趣现象的理解进展，这一现象是由于单个离子的影响而产生的。在许多固体靶中，高速重离子会产生狭窄的圆柱形轨迹，并伴随着表面纳米结构的形成。最近，人们发现，对于单个非常缓慢但带高电荷的离子的冲击，也会产生类似的纳米级表面效应。虽然高速离子通过电离和电子激发过程（电子阻止）将其大部分动能传递给靶，但低速高电荷离子则由于在顶层表面层中沉积的势能而产生表面结构。尽管初始激发存在差异，但纳米结构之间的相似性引人注目，强烈表明存在与能量从电子系统向靶晶格系统传递相关的共同机制。对高速重离子和低速高电荷离子诱导的表面结构进行比较，可以深入了解其形成机制。
