Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
Anal Chim Acta. 2011 Oct 17;704(1-2):33-46. doi: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.07.030. Epub 2011 Jul 28.
Residues of steroid hormones have become a cause for concern because they can affect the biological activity of non-target organisms. Steroid hormones are a potential risk for wildlife and humans through the consumption of contaminated food or water. Their determination requires extraction and clean-up steps, prior to detection, to reach low concentration levels. In recent years, a great effort has been made to develop new analytical methodologies, such as microextraction techniques, that reduce environmental pollution. Researchers have modified old methods to incorporate procedures that use less-hazardous chemicals or that use smaller amounts of them. They are able to do direct analysis using miniaturised equipment and reduced amounts of solvents and wastes. These accomplishments are the main objectives of green analytical chemistry. In this overview, we focus on microextraction techniques for the determination of steroid hormones in biological (e.g., human urine, human serum, fish, shrimp and prawn tissue and milk) and environmental (e.g., wastewaters, surface waters, tap waters, river waters, sewage sludges, marine sediments and river sediments) samples. We comment on the most recent applications in sorptive-microextraction modes, such as solid phase microextraction (SPME) with molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), in-tube solid-phase microextraction (IT-SPME), stir-bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) and microextraction in packed sorbent (MEPS). We also describe liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) approaches reported in the literature that are applied to the determination of steroid hormones.
甾体激素残留已成为人们关注的问题，因为它们会影响非靶标生物的生物活性。通过食用受污染的食物或水，甾体激素会对野生动物和人类构成潜在风险。在进行检测之前，需要进行提取和净化步骤，以达到低浓度水平。近年来，人们一直在努力开发新的分析方法，例如微萃取技术，以减少环境污染。研究人员已经对旧方法进行了改进，纳入了使用危害性较小的化学品或使用较少化学品的程序。他们能够使用小型化设备和减少的溶剂和废物进行直接分析。这些成就是绿色分析化学的主要目标。在本篇综述中，我们重点介绍了用于测定生物（例如人尿、人血清、鱼类、虾和对虾组织以及牛奶）和环境（例如废水、地表水、自来水、河水、污水污泥、海洋沉积物和河流沉积物）样品中甾体激素的微萃取技术。我们评论了最近在吸附微萃取模式中的应用，例如带有分子印迹聚合物的固相微萃取 (SPME)、管内固相微萃取 (IT-SPME)、搅拌棒吸附萃取 (SBSE) 和填充吸附剂的微萃取 (MEPS)。我们还描述了文献中报道的用于测定甾体激素的液相微萃取 (LPME) 方法。
