Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2011 Oct 17;50(43):10022-49. doi: 10.1002/anie.201104792. Epub 2011 Sep 28.
We outline the institutional history and highlight aspects of the scientific history of the Fritz Haber Institute (FHI) of the Max Planck Society, successor to the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, from its founding in 1911 until about the turn of the 21st century. Established as one of the first two Kaiser Wilhelm Institutes, the Institute began as a much-awaited remedy for what prominent German chemists warned was the waning of Germany's scientific and technological superiority relative to the United States and to other European nations. The history of the Institute has largely paralleled that of 20th century Germany. It spearheaded the research and development of chemical weapons during World War I, then experienced a "golden era" during the 1920s and early 1930s, in spite of financial hardships. Under the National Socialists it suffered a purge of its scientific staff and a diversion of its research into the service of the new regime, accompanied by a breakdown in its international relations. In the immediate aftermath of World War II it suffered crippling material losses, from which it recovered slowly in the postwar era. In 1952, the Institute took the name of its founding director and the following year joined the fledgling Max Planck Society, successor to the Kaiser Wilhelm Society. During the 1950s and 1960s, the Institute supported diverse research into the structure of matter and electron microscopy in its geographically isolated and politically precarious location in West Berlin. In subsequent decades, as Berlin benefited from the policies of détente and later glasnost and the Max Planck Society continued to reassess its preferred model of a research institute, the FHI reorganized around a board of coequal scientific directors and renewed its focus on the investigation of elementary processes on surfaces and interfaces, topics of research that had been central to the work of Fritz Haber and the first "golden era" of the Institute. Throughout its one-hundred-year history, the Institute's pace-setting research has been shaped by dozens of distinguished scientists, among them seven Nobel laureates. Here we highlight the contributions made at the Institute to the fields of gas-phase kinetics and dynamics, early quantum physics, colloid chemistry, electron microscopy, and surface chemistry, and we give an account of the key role the Institute played in implementing the Berlin Electron Synchrotron (BESSY I and II). Current research at the Institute in surface science and catalysis as well as molecular physics and spectroscopy is exemplified in this issue [Angew. Chem. 2011, 123, 10242; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2011, 50, 10064].
我们概述了马克斯·普朗克学会弗里茨·哈伯研究所（FHI）的机构历史，并强调了其科学历史的各个方面，该研究所是 1911 年成立的威廉皇帝物理化学和电化学研究所的继承者，一直到 21 世纪初。作为首批成立的两个威廉皇帝研究所之一，该研究所的成立是为了应对德国杰出化学家所警告的德国相对于美国和其他欧洲国家科学技术优势逐渐减弱的局面。该研究所的历史在很大程度上与 20 世纪的德国历史相吻合。它在第一次世界大战期间率先开展了化学武器的研究和开发，然后在 20 世纪 20 年代和 30 年代早期经历了一个“黄金时代”，尽管面临财政困难。在纳粹统治下，它的科研人员遭到清洗，研究方向转向为新政权服务，同时其国际关系也破裂了。第二次世界大战后，该研究所遭受了严重的物质损失，战后才缓慢恢复。1952 年，该研究所更名为其首任所长的名字，次年加入羽翼未丰的马克斯·普朗克学会，成为威廉皇帝学会的继承者。在 20 世纪 50 年代和 60 年代，该研究所支持对物质结构和电子显微镜的广泛研究，尽管其地理位置偏远，政治上不稳定，但仍在西柏林进行。在随后的几十年里，随着柏林受益于缓和政策，后来又受益于开放政策，以及马克斯·普朗克学会继续重新评估其首选的研究所模式，FHI 围绕平等的科学主任委员会进行了重组，并重新关注表面和界面上的基本过程的研究，这些研究主题是弗里茨·哈伯和研究所的第一个“黄金时代”的核心工作。在其 100 年的历史中，该研究所的开创性研究受到了几十位杰出科学家的影响，其中包括 7 位诺贝尔奖获得者。在这里，我们强调了该研究所在气相动力学和动力学、早期量子物理学、胶体化学、电子显微镜和表面化学等领域的贡献，并介绍了该研究所在实施柏林电子同步加速器（BESSY I 和 II）方面所发挥的关键作用。本期杂志还介绍了该研究所目前在表面科学和催化、分子物理和光谱学领域的研究[Angew. Chem. 2011, 123, 10242; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2011, 50, 10064]。
