Florida State University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2012 Feb;64(2):138-66. doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.09.011. Epub 2011 Sep 29.
In this report we review some of the recent progress made for enhancing the biocompatibility of luminescent quantum dots (QDs) and for developing targeted bio-inspired applications centered on live cell imaging and sensing. We start with a detailed analysis of the surface functionalization strategies developed thus far, and discuss their effectiveness for providing long term stability of the quantum dots in biological media, to changes in pH and to added electrolytes. We then discuss the available conjugation techniques to couple QDs to a variety of biological receptors and compare their effectiveness. In particular, we highlight the implementation of new strategies such as the use of copper-free cyclo-addition reaction (CLICK) chemistry and chemo-selective ligation. We then discuss the advances made for intracellular delivery where ideas such as receptor-driven endocytosis and uptake promoted by cell penetrating peptides are used. We then describe a few representative examples where QDs have been used to investigate specific cell biology processes. Such processes include binding of QDs conjugated to the nerve growth factor to membrane specific receptors and intracellular uptake, tracking of membrane protein at the single molecule level, and recognition of ligand bound QDs by T cell receptors. We conclude by discussing issues of toxicity associated with the use of QDs in biology.
在本报告中，我们回顾了近年来在提高发光量子点（QDs）的生物相容性和开发以活细胞成像和传感为中心的靶向生物启发应用方面取得的一些进展。我们首先详细分析了迄今为止开发的表面功能化策略，并讨论了它们在提供量子点在生物介质中的长期稳定性、对 pH 值变化和添加电解质的稳定性方面的有效性。然后，我们讨论了将 QDs 与各种生物受体偶联的可用偶联技术，并比较了它们的效果。特别是，我们强调了实施新策略的重要性，例如使用无铜环加成反应（CLICK）化学和化学选择性连接。然后，我们讨论了细胞内递送来提高生物相容性的方法，其中使用了一些方法，如受体驱动的内吞作用和细胞穿透肽促进的摄取。然后，我们描述了几个使用 QD 研究特定细胞生物学过程的代表性例子。这些过程包括与神经生长因子结合的 QD 与膜特异性受体的结合和细胞内摄取、在单分子水平上跟踪膜蛋白、以及 T 细胞受体对配体结合的 QD 的识别。最后，我们讨论了在生物学中使用 QD 相关的毒性问题。
