Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.176, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Int J Med Microbiol. 2011 Dec;301(8):630-4. doi: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2011.09.004. Epub 2011 Oct 7.
Since 2004 MRSA emerged in animals, particularly in pigs and veal calves. This new MRSA variant was since its first appearance referred to as Livestock Associated-MRSA (LA-MRSA). In Europe and Northern America, LA-MRSA belongs predominantly to clonal complex (CC) 398 whereas in Asia ST9 seems to be dominant in pigs. Persons in direct contact with LA-MRSA-positive animals have an increased risk of becoming MRSA positive. The risk of carriage is mainly related with the intensity of animal contact and with MRSA prevalence among animals on the farm. In contrast with its success in animals, it seemed that MRSA CC398 is a poor persistent colonizer in humans. MRSA ST398 can, however, cause serious (invasive) infections and outbreaks, although, only incidentally reported so far. Farm hygiene and antimicrobial use contributed to MRSA occurrence in animals. Therefore these two determinants should in principle be incorporated into MRSA-control programmes in animal production. Like any other microorganism, LA-MRSA is expected to be able to adapt to new hosts and may change over time in the potential to colonize and to produce toxins. Also, the current circulating clone CC398 may be replaced by another clone in Western countries or emerge in countries where this clone is currently low-prevalent. Ongoing MRSA surveillance in humans and animals is needed to detect changes in epidemiology and to implement effective control measures.
自 2004 年以来，耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）已经出现在动物身上，尤其是在猪和小牛肉牛中。这种新的 MRSA 变体自首次出现以来就被称为与牲畜相关的耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（LA-MRSA）。在欧洲和北美，LA-MRSA 主要属于克隆复合体（CC）398，而在亚洲，ST9 似乎在猪中占主导地位。与 LA-MRSA 阳性动物直接接触的人感染 MRSA 的风险增加。携带风险主要与动物接触的强度以及农场动物中 MRSA 的流行程度有关。与在动物中的成功相比，MRSA CC398 似乎在人类中是一种较差的持续性定植菌。然而，MRSA ST398 可以引起严重的（侵袭性）感染和暴发，尽管迄今为止仅偶尔有报道。农场卫生和抗菌药物的使用导致了动物中 MRSA 的发生。因此，这两个决定因素原则上应纳入动物生产中的 MRSA 控制计划。与任何其他微生物一样，LA-MRSA 预计能够适应新宿主，并随着时间的推移在定植和产生毒素的能力上发生变化。此外，目前在西方国家流行的 CC398 克隆体可能会被另一个克隆体取代，或者在目前该克隆体流行率较低的国家出现。需要对人类和动物进行持续的 MRSA 监测，以检测流行病学的变化并实施有效的控制措施。
