Demarin Vida, Lisak Marijana, Morović Sandra
University Department of Neurology, Reference Center for Neurovascular Disorders and Headache of the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Republic of Croatia, Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Center, Zagreb, Croatia.
Acta Clin Croat. 2011 Mar;50(1):67-77.
Several studies demonstrated the beneficial and preventive role of Mediterranean diet in the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases, chronic neurodegenerative diseases and neoplasms, obesity and diabetes. In randomized intervention trials, Mediterranean diet improved endothelial function and significantly reduced waist circumference, plasma glucose, serum insulin and homeostasis model assessment score in metabolic syndrome. Several studies support favorable effects of Mediterranean diet on plasma lipid profile: reduction of total and plasma LDL cholesterol levels, plasma triglyceride levels, and apo-B and VLDL concentrations, and an increase in plasma HDL cholesterol levels. This effect is associated with increased plasma antioxidant capacity, improved endothelial function, reduced insulin resistance, and reduced incidence of the metabolic syndrome. The beneficial impact of fish consumption on the risk of cardiovascular diseases is the result of synergistic effects of nutrients in fish. Fish is considered an excellent source of protein with low saturated fat, nutritious trace elements, long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCn3PUFAs), and vitamins D and B. Fish consumption may be inversely associated with ischemic stroke but not with hemorrhagic stroke because of the potential antiplatelet aggregation property of LCn3PUFAs. Total stroke risk reduction was statistically significant for fish intake once per week, while the risk of stroke was lowered by 31% in individuals who ate fish 5 times or more per week. In the elderly, moderate consumption of tuna/other fish, but not fried fish, was associated with lower prevalence of subclinical infarcts and white matter abnormalities on MRI examination. Dietary intake of omega-3 fatty acids in a moderate-to-high range does not appear to be associated with reduced plaque, but is negatively associated with carotid artery intima-media thickness. Greater adherence to Mediterranean diet is associated with significant reduction in overall mortality, mortality from cardiovascular diseases and stroke, incidence of or mortality from cancer, and incidence of Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment.
多项研究表明，地中海饮食对心血管疾病、慢性神经退行性疾病、肿瘤、肥胖症和糖尿病的发生具有有益和预防作用。在随机干预试验中，地中海饮食改善了内皮功能，并显著降低了代谢综合征患者的腰围、血糖、血清胰岛素和稳态模型评估得分。多项研究支持地中海饮食对血脂谱有有利影响：降低总胆固醇和血浆低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平、血浆甘油三酯水平以及载脂蛋白B和极低密度脂蛋白浓度，并提高血浆高密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平。这种作用与血浆抗氧化能力增强、内皮功能改善、胰岛素抵抗降低以及代谢综合征发病率降低有关。食用鱼类对心血管疾病风险的有益影响是鱼类中营养成分协同作用的结果。鱼类被认为是一种优质蛋白质来源，饱和脂肪含量低，富含营养微量元素、长链ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸（LCn3PUFAs）以及维生素D和B。由于LCn3PUFAs具有潜在的抗血小板聚集特性，食用鱼类可能与缺血性中风呈负相关，但与出血性中风无关。每周食用一次鱼，中风总风险降低具有统计学意义，而每周食用鱼类5次或更多次的个体中风风险降低了31%。在老年人中，适量食用金枪鱼/其他鱼类（而非油炸鱼）与MRI检查中亚临床梗死和白质异常的患病率较低有关。中高摄入量的ω-3脂肪酸饮食摄入似乎与斑块减少无关，但与颈动脉内膜中层厚度呈负相关。更严格遵循地中海饮食与总体死亡率、心血管疾病和中风死亡率、癌症发病率或死亡率以及帕金森病、阿尔茨海默病和轻度认知障碍的发病率显著降低有关。
