UMR 5175 CEFE, Laboratoire de Zoogéographie, Université Montpellier III, 34199 Montpellier cedex 5, France.
Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2012 May;13(6):1004-60. doi: 10.2174/138920112800399257.
The avermectins, milbemycins and spinosyns are collectively referred to as macrocyclic lactones (MLs) which comprise several classes of chemicals derived from cultures of soil micro-organisms. These compounds are extensively and increasingly used in veterinary medicine and agriculture. Due to their potential effects on non-target organisms, large amounts of information on their impact in the environment has been compiled in recent years, mainly caused by legal requirements related to their marketing authorization or registration. The main objective of this paper is to critically review the present knowledge about the acute and chronic ecotoxicological effects of MLs on organisms, mainly invertebrates, in the terrestrial and aquatic environment. Detailed information is presented on the mode-of-action as well as the ecotoxicity of the most important compounds representing the three groups of MLs. This information, based on more than 360 references, is mainly provided in nine tables, presenting the effects of abamectin, ivermectin, eprinomectin, doramectin, emamectin, moxidectin, and spinosad on individual species of terrestrial and aquatic invertebrates as well as plants and algae. Since dung dwelling organisms are particularly important non-targets, as they are exposed via dung from treated animals over their whole life-cycle, the information on the effects of MLs on dung communities is compiled in an additional table. The results of this review clearly demonstrate that regarding environmental impacts many macrocyclic lactones are substances of high concern particularly with larval instars of invertebrates. Recent studies have also shown that susceptibility varies with life cycle stage and impacts can be mitigated by using MLs when these stages are not present. However information on the environmental impact of the MLs is scattered across a wide range of specialised scientific journals with research focusing mainly on ivermectin and to a lesser extent on abamectin doramectin and moxidectin. By comparison, information on compounds such as eprinomectin, emamectin and selamectin is still relatively scarce.
阿维菌素、米尔贝肟和斯普诺辛统称为大环内酯类化合物 (MLs)，它们由土壤微生物培养物衍生的几类化学物质组成。这些化合物在兽医和农业领域被广泛且日益使用。由于它们对非目标生物的潜在影响，近年来已经积累了大量关于它们在环境中影响的信息，主要是由于与它们的市场授权或注册相关的法律要求。本文的主要目的是批判性地回顾 MLs 对陆生和水生环境中的生物体，主要是无脊椎动物，急性和慢性生态毒理学影响的现有知识。详细介绍了作用模式以及三种 MLs 中最重要化合物的生态毒性信息。这些信息基于 360 多个参考文献，主要以九个表格的形式呈现，其中介绍了阿维菌素、伊维菌素、埃普里诺菌素、多拉菌素、埃玛菌素、莫昔克丁和多杀菌素对陆地和水生无脊椎动物以及植物和藻类的个别物种的影响。由于粪生生物是特别重要的非目标生物，因为它们通过处理过的动物的粪便在整个生命周期中暴露，因此在一个额外的表格中汇编了 MLs 对粪生物群落的影响信息。本综述的结果清楚地表明，就环境影响而言，许多大环内酯类化合物是高关注物质，特别是对无脊椎动物的幼虫期。最近的研究还表明，敏感性随生命周期阶段而变化，并且当这些阶段不存在时，可以通过使用 MLs 来减轻影响。然而，关于 MLs 环境影响的信息分散在广泛的专业科学期刊中，研究主要集中在伊维菌素上，其次是阿维菌素、多拉菌素和莫昔克丁。相比之下，关于埃普里诺菌素、埃玛菌素和塞拉菌素等化合物的信息仍然相对较少。
