Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
Curr Diab Rep. 2012 Feb;12(1):16-23. doi: 10.1007/s11892-011-0244-5.
By its location between maternal and fetal bloodstreams the human placenta not only handles the materno-fetal transport of nutrients and gases, but may also be exposed to intrauterine conditions adversely affecting placental and fetal development. Such adverse conditions exist in pregnancies complicated by gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), and have been associated with alterations in placental anatomy and physiology. These alterations are mainly based on changes on the micro-anatomical and/or even molecular level including aberrant villous vascularization, a disbalance of vasoactive molecules, and enhanced oxidative stress. The consequence thereof may be impaired fetal oxygenation and changes in transplacental nutrient supply. Although transplacental glucose flux is flow limited and independent of glucose transporter availability, transport of essential and nonessential amino acids and expression of genes involved in lipid transport and metabolism are significantly affected by GDM.
胎盘位于母体和胎儿血液之间，不仅负责营养物质和气体的母婴转运，还可能受到宫内环境的影响，从而对胎盘和胎儿的发育产生不利影响。患有妊娠期糖尿病（GDM）的孕妇就存在这种不良情况，并且其胎盘解剖结构和功能已经发生改变。这些改变主要基于微观解剖学甚至分子水平的变化，包括绒毛血管异常形成、血管活性分子失衡和氧化应激增强。其结果可能是胎儿的氧气供应受损以及胎盘营养供应的变化。尽管胎盘葡萄糖转运是有限的，且与葡萄糖转运体的可用性无关，但基本和非必需氨基酸的转运以及参与脂质转运和代谢的基因的表达都受到 GDM 的显著影响。
