Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
Autophagy. 2011 Dec;7(12):1546-50. doi: 10.4161/auto.7.12.18424.
Perhaps the most complex step of macroautophagy is the formation of the double-membrane autophagosome. The majority of the autophagy-related (Atg) proteins are thought to participate in nucleation and expansion of the phagophore, and/or the completion of this compartment. Monitoring this part of the process is difficult, and typically involves electron microscopy analysis; however, unless three-dimensional tomography is performed, even this method cannot be used to easily determine if the phagophore is completely enclosed. Accordingly, a complementary approach is to examine the accessibility of sequestered cargo to exogenously added protease. This type of protease protection analysis has been used to monitor the formation of cytoplasm-to-vacuole targeting (Cvt) vesicles and autophagosomes by examining the protease sensitivity of precursor aminopeptidase I (prApe1). For determining the status of autophagosomes formed during nonselective autophagy, however, prApe1 is not the best marker protein. Here, we describe an alternative method for examining autophagosome completion using GFP-Atg8 as a marker for protease protection.
或许,自噬作用最复杂的步骤是形成双层膜自噬体。人们认为大多数自噬相关(Atg)蛋白参与吞噬体的成核和扩展,和/或该隔室的完成。监测这部分过程很困难,通常需要电子显微镜分析;然而,即使进行三维断层摄影,这种方法也不容易确定吞噬体是否完全被封闭。因此,一种补充方法是检查被隔离货物对外加蛋白酶的可及性。这种类型的蛋白酶保护分析已被用于通过检查前体氨肽酶 I(prApe1)的蛋白酶敏感性来监测细胞质到液泡靶向(Cvt)囊泡和自噬体的形成。然而,对于确定非选择性自噬过程中形成的自噬体的状态,prApe1 不是最佳的标记蛋白。在这里,我们描述了一种使用 GFP-Atg8 作为蛋白酶保护的标记物来检查自噬体完成的替代方法。
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