Singh G P, Rizvi Iram, Gupta Vivek, Bains Vivek K
Department of Periodontology, Saraswati Dental College and Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Dent Res J (Isfahan). 2011 Oct;8(4):211-20. doi: 10.4103/1735-3327.86045.
Limited studies have been published so far, which revealed the association of different types of smokeless tobacco on various periodontal health indicators, including mobility and furcation, on North Indian population. The present study has been undertaken to evaluate the effects of commonly used smokeless tobacco forms on periodontal health in Lucknow, North India.
This cross-sectional study investigated the effect of commonly used smokeless tobacco on periodontal health in local population of Lucknow, for which 2045 individuals were evaluated. Amongst them, 1069 individuals were found to be using some kind of tobacco; amongst the tobacco users, n=122 were smokers, n=657 were only using only smokeless tobacco and n=290 were using both smokeless tobacco as well as tobacco in smoking form. After completing the questionnaire, all the participants underwent clinical examination for the various clinical parameters.
The impact of smokeless form of tobacco use was significantly higher on all the periodontal health indicators, viz., plaque index, gingival index, calculus, clinical attachment loss, gingival recession, mobility, furcation, lesion, and probing pocket depth. Both duration and frequency of smokeless tobacco use significantly affected the periodontal health.
The periodontal health of the general population in the region required immediate attention as majority of subjects irrespective of their habit status had onset of clinical attachment loss and gingival recession, more so amongst the smokeless tobacco users than smoking form of tobacco as well as than from non-tobacco users.
到目前为止，已发表的研究有限，这些研究揭示了不同类型的无烟烟草与北印度人群各种牙周健康指标（包括牙齿松动和根分叉病变）之间的关联。本研究旨在评估北印度勒克瑙市常用的无烟烟草形式对牙周健康的影响。
这项横断面研究调查了常用无烟烟草对勒克瑙当地人群牙周健康的影响，共评估了2045人。其中，1069人被发现使用某种烟草；在烟草使用者中，n = 122人是吸烟者，n = 657人仅使用无烟烟草，n = 290人既使用无烟烟草也使用吸烟形式的烟草。完成问卷调查后，所有参与者都接受了各种临床参数的临床检查。
无烟烟草使用形式对所有牙周健康指标，即菌斑指数、牙龈指数、牙石、临床附着丧失、牙龈退缩、牙齿松动、根分叉病变、病损和探诊深度，都有显著更高的影响。无烟烟草使用的持续时间和频率均对牙周健康有显著影响。
该地区普通人群的牙周健康需要立即引起关注，因为大多数受试者无论其习惯状态如何，都出现了临床附着丧失和牙龈退缩，无烟烟草使用者比吸烟形式的烟草使用者以及非烟草使用者更为严重。
