Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
J Am Geriatr Soc. 2012 Jan;60(1):136-41. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03761.x. Epub 2011 Dec 8.
To examine whether therapeutic interventions of extended practice of cognitive tasks or aerobic exercise have led to significant improvement in untrained cognitive tasks.
The PSYCINFO, MEDLINE, and Abstracts in Social Gerontology databases were searched for English-language studies of cognitive interventions of exercise or extended cognitive practice between 1966 and 2010. The final search was in January 2011. Studies included were experimental interventions hypothesizing improvement on untrained cognitive outcomes with pre- and posttests. Studies of varying quality were included and compared.
Interventions generally took place in laboratories, in gymnasium facilities, in the home, and outdoors. Experimenters administered testing.
Forty-two studies with 3,781 healthy older adults aged 55 and older were analyzed.
Between-group effect sizes (ESs), which account for practice effects on outcome measures, and within-experimental group ESs were computed from untrained cognitive outcome domains, including choice reaction time, memory, and executive function, and compared. ESs were also coded for training type and study quality. Multilevel mixed-effect analyses accommodated multiple outcomes from individual studies.
Extended practice (estimated ES = 0.33, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.13-0.52) and aerobic fitness (estimated ES = 0.33, 95% CI = 0.10-0.55) training produced significant between-group ESs, but they did not differ in magnitude. Better study quality was associated with larger ESs.
Findings indicate that aerobic and extended cognitive practice training interventions for healthy older adults improve performance on untrained cognitive tasks.
考察认知任务的延伸练习或有氧运动等治疗干预措施是否能显著提高未训练的认知任务的表现。
1966 年至 2010 年期间，在 PSYCINFO、MEDLINE 和 Abstracts in Social Gerontology 数据库中搜索有关运动或认知延伸练习的认知干预的英文研究。最后一次搜索是在 2011 年 1 月。研究包括假设通过预测试和后测试提高未训练认知结果的实验干预。纳入了不同质量的研究并进行了比较。
干预措施通常在实验室、体育馆设施、家庭和户外进行。实验者进行了测试。
42 项研究共纳入 3781 名年龄在 55 岁及以上的健康老年人。
从未训练的认知结果领域（包括选择反应时间、记忆和执行功能）计算了组间效应大小（ES），这些 ES 考虑了对结果测量的练习效应，并进行了比较。还对训练类型和研究质量进行了 ES 编码。多层次混合效应分析适应了单个研究的多个结果。
延伸练习（估计 ES=0.33，95%置信区间（CI）=0.13-0.52）和有氧健身（估计 ES=0.33，95%CI=0.10-0.55）训练产生了显著的组间 ES，但它们的大小没有差异。更好的研究质量与更大的 ES 相关。
研究结果表明，有氧运动和认知延伸练习训练干预措施可提高健康老年人未训练认知任务的表现。
