School of Earth and Environmental Sciences (BK-21), Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 151-742, South Korea.
J Hazard Mater. 2012 Jan 30;201-202:82-91. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.11.036. Epub 2011 Nov 25.
The discharge of perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) was investigated for 15 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), comprising 25% of total domestic wastewater and 23% of total industrial wastewater produced in Korea. PFCs concentrations in influent, effluent, and sludge were greater in industrial wastewater than in the majority of domestic wastewater. Individual PFCs were found to have differing industrial sources, with perfluorocarboxylates used in fabric/textiles, paper-mill, and dyeing industries, and perfluoroalkylsulfonates occurring in oil/chemical and metal-plating/processing industries. Total WWTP-derived national discharge loads were calculated based on the average concentrations in effluents and the total volume of wastewaters produced in Korea. The average WWTP-derived national discharge loads of individual PFCs were 0.04-0.61 ton/year, with 63% of perfluorooctanoate being from domestic wastewater, and 75% of perfluorooctanesulfonate being from industrial wastewater. These estimates accounted for the majority of national emissions, based on measurements in major river mouths, indicating the major contribution of WWTPs to PFC occurrence in Korean aquatic environments. Both the per capita emission factor (μg/capita/day) for domestic discharge, and area-normalized national discharge loads (g/capita/km(2)/day) for all wastewaters were several factors lower in Korea than in Japan or Europe, which is consistent with the lower levels of human exposure to PFCs in Korea.
研究了韩国 15 家污水处理厂（WWTP）的全氟化合物（PFCs）排放情况，这些污水处理厂处理了韩国 25%的生活污水和 23%的工业污水。工业废水中的 PFCs 浓度明显高于大多数生活污水。不同的 PFCs 有不同的工业来源，例如全氟羧酸主要用于纺织/服装、造纸和印染行业，全氟烷基磺酸盐则存在于石油/化工和金属电镀/加工行业。根据韩国污水排放总量和污水中 PFCs 的平均浓度，计算出了 WWTP 排放的 PFCs 总量。单个 PFCs 的 WWTP 排放量从 0.04 吨/年到 0.61 吨/年不等，其中 63%的全氟辛酸来自生活污水，75%的全氟辛烷磺酸来自工业污水。这些排放估计值占全国排放量的大部分，因为在主要河口的测量值表明，污水处理厂对韩国水环境污染中 PFCs 的排放有较大的贡献。与日本和欧洲相比，韩国的生活污水人均排放量（μg/人/天）和所有污水的区域归一化国家排放量（g/人/平方公里/天）都低了几个数量级，这与韩国人群中 PFCs 的暴露水平较低相一致。
