Department of Marine Science, College of Natural Sciences, University of Incheon, 12-1 Songdo-dong, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 406-772, South Korea.
Chemosphere. 2012 Nov;89(8):995-1002. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.07.016. Epub 2012 Aug 3.
Long-range transport of and exposure to perfluorinated substances (PFSs) strongly depend on their emission mode. In the present study, watershed-based riverine discharge loads and emission factors are estimated for perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), perfluorononanoate (PFNA), perfluorohexylsulfonate (PFHxS), and perfluorooctylsulfonate (PFOS) by using spatially distributed data of chemical concentrations together with water flows and a geographic information system (GIS). Average per capita emissions (emission factor, μg capita(-1) d(-1)) are 75 for PFOA, 36 for PFNA, 17 for PFHxS, and 43 for PFOS, which are several times lower than the estimates for Japan and the European continent. A relatively uniform distribution is observed for PFHxS and PFOS emission factors, while elevated values of PFOA and PFNA predominate in one of eight river basins. This may indicate the leading contribution of diffusive sources (e.g. nonpoint source) for PFHxS and PFOS versus the presence of localized point sources for PFOA and PFNA. The lower-upper bound of total riverine loads discharged annually from the Korean peninsula are in the range of 0.53-1.3 tons for PFOA, 0.09-0.60 tons for PFNA, 0.07-0.29 tons for PFHxS, and 0.19-0.73 tons for PFOS, accounting for <1% of global annual emissions. Furthermore, these riverine discharge loads are significantly greater than the discharge loads from a wastewater treatment plant, indicating the necessity of further study of nonpoint sources.
长程传输和暴露于全氟化合物（PFS）强烈依赖于其排放模式。在本研究中，通过使用化学浓度的空间分布数据以及水流和地理信息系统（GIS），估算了以流域为基础的河流排放负荷和排放因子，用于全氟辛酸（PFOA）、全氟壬酸（PFNA）、全氟己基磺酸（PFHxS）和全氟辛基磺酸（PFOS）。人均排放量（排放因子，μg 人（-1）d（-1））分别为 75 对 PFOA、36 对 PFNA、17 对 PFHxS 和 43 对 PFOS，这比日本和欧洲大陆的估计值低几个数量级。PFHxS 和 PFOS 排放因子分布相对均匀，而 PFOA 和 PFNA 则在 8 个流域中的一个流域中占主导地位。这可能表明 PFHxS 和 PFOS 的扩散源（例如非点源）的主要贡献，而 PFOA 和 PFNA 则存在局部的点源。从朝鲜半岛每年排放的总河流水负荷的上下限范围为 PFOA 的 0.53-1.3 吨、PFNA 的 0.09-0.60 吨、PFHxS 的 0.07-0.29 吨和 PFOS 的 0.19-0.73 吨，占全球年排放量的<1%。此外，这些河流水负荷明显大于污水处理厂的排放负荷，表明有必要进一步研究非点源。
