Federal Environment Agency (Umweltbundesamt), Dessau-Rosslau, Berlin, Germany.
Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2012 Feb;215(2):120-6. doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2011.10.013. Epub 2011 Dec 14.
Production of chemicals, use of products and consumer goods, contamination of food as well as today's living conditions are related to a substantial exposure of humans to chemicals. Safety of human beings and the environment has to be safeguarded by producers and government. Human biomonitoring (HBM) has proven to be a useful and powerful tool to control human exposure and facilitate risk assessment. Therefore, the German Federal Environment Agency (Umweltbundesamt, UBA) employs two major HBM tools, the German Environmental Survey (GerES) and the German Environmental Specimen Bank (ESB). GerES is a nationwide population representative study on HBM and external human exposure, which has, inter alia, been used to identify lead in tap water, lead dustfall, time spent in traffic, and age of dwelling as exposure sources for lead and, thus, to derive risk reduction measures. The ESB is a permanent monitoring instrument and an archive for human specimens. Retrospective monitoring of phthalates and bisphenol A provides a continuous historical record of human exposure in Germany, over the last decades. Additionally it revealed that estimations of human exposure based on production and consumption data may supply misleading information on human exposure. HBM data demonstrated that (a) the use if the restricted isomer di-n-butylphthalat decreased while di-i-butylphthalate levels remained constant and (b) human bisphenol A exposure might be overestimated without monitoring data. The decrease of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-exposure proves the success of German environmental policy after German re-unification. In addition to GerES and ESB UBA is involved in different co-operation networks, the two most prominent of which are (1) the harmonization of HBM in Europe (ESBIO; Expert Team to Support Biomonitoring in Europe, COPHES/DEMOCOPHES; Consortium to Perform Human Biomonitoring on a European Scale/Demonstration of a study to Coordinate and Perform Human Biomonitoring on a European Scale) and (2) the co-operation between BMU and the German Chemical Industry Association (VCI). In the latter project emphasis will be placed on substances with a potential relevance for health and on substances to which the general population might potentially be exposed to a considerable extent and for which HBM methods are not available up to now.
化学品的生产、产品和消费品的使用、食品污染以及当今的生活条件都导致人类大量接触化学品。生产者和政府必须保障人类和环境的安全。人体生物监测 (HBM) 已被证明是一种有用且强大的工具，可以控制人体接触并促进风险评估。因此，德国联邦环境署 (UBA) 采用了两种主要的 HBM 工具，即德国环境调查 (GerES) 和德国环境标本库 (ESB)。GerES 是一项全国性的人口代表性 HBM 和外部人体接触研究，除其他外，该研究用于确定自来水中的铅、铅尘降、交通时间和居住年龄是铅的暴露源，并由此得出减少风险的措施。ESB 是一个永久性的监测工具和人体标本档案。对邻苯二甲酸酯和双酚 A 的回溯性监测提供了过去几十年德国人体接触的连续历史记录。此外，它还表明，基于生产和消费数据估算的人体接触可能会提供关于人体接触的误导信息。HBM 数据表明：(a) 受限异构体二正丁基邻苯二甲酸的使用减少，而二异丁基邻苯二甲酸的水平保持不变；(b) 没有监测数据，人体双酚 A 接触可能被高估。多环芳烃暴露的减少证明了德国统一后德国环境政策的成功。除了 GerES 和 ESB，UBA 还参与了不同的合作网络，其中两个最突出的是 (1) 欧洲 HBM 的协调 (ESBIO；支持欧洲生物监测的专家小组、COPHES/DEMOCOPHES；在欧洲范围内进行人体生物监测的协调和执行研究的联盟/在欧洲范围内进行人体生物监测的协调和执行研究的示范) 和 (2) BMU 与德国化学工业协会 (VCI) 之间的合作。在后一个项目中，重点将放在具有潜在健康相关性的物质以及一般公众可能大量接触且目前尚无 HBM 方法的物质上。
