Department of Microsystems Engineering-IMTEK, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 106, 79110 Freiburg, Germany.
Adv Mater. 2011 Nov 16;23(43):4976-5008. doi: 10.1002/adma.201102182.
Porous platinum is of high technological importance due to its various applications in fuel cells, sensors, stimulation electrodes, mechanical actuators and catalysis in general. Based on a discussion of the general principles behind the reduction of platinum salts and corresponding deposition processes this article discusses techniques available for platinum electrode fabrication. The numerous, different strategies available to fabricate platinum electrodes are reviewed and discussed in the context of their tuning parameters, strengths and weaknesses. These strategies comprise bottom-up approaches as well as top-down approaches. In bottom-up approaches nanoparticles are synthesized in a fi rst step by chemical, photochemical or sonochemical means followed by an electrode formation step by e.g. thin fi lm technology or network formation to create a contiguous and conducting solid electrode structure. In top-down approaches fabrication starts with an already conductive electrode substrate. Corresponding strategies enable the fabrication of substrate-based electrodes by e.g. electrodeposition or the fabrication of self-supporting electrodes by dealloying. As a further top-down strategy, this review describes methods to decorate porous metals other than platinum with a surface layer of platinum. This way, fabrication methods not performable with platinum can be applied to the fabrication of platinum electrodes with the special benefit of low platinum consumption.
多孔铂因其在燃料电池、传感器、刺激电极、机械致动器以及一般催化中的各种应用而具有重要的技术意义。本文基于对铂盐还原和相应沉积过程背后的一般原理的讨论，讨论了用于铂电极制造的技术。讨论了可用于制造铂电极的众多不同策略，并根据其调谐参数、优缺点进行了讨论。这些策略包括自下而上的方法和自上而下的方法。在自下而上的方法中，首先通过化学、光化学或声化学手段合成纳米颗粒，然后通过例如薄膜技术或网络形成来进行电极形成步骤，以创建连续的导电固体电极结构。在自上而下的方法中，制造从已经导电的电极衬底开始。相应的策略可通过例如电沉积来制造基于衬底的电极，或通过脱合金来制造自支撑电极。作为进一步的自上而下的策略，本综述描述了用铂的表面层来修饰除铂以外的多孔金属的方法。这样，就可以应用不能用铂进行的制造方法来制造铂电极，其特殊优点是铂的消耗低。
