Kapka-Skrzypczak Lucyna, Cyranka Małgorzata, Skrzypczak Maciej, Kruszewski Marcin
Independent Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Rural Health, Lublin, Poland.
Ann Agric Environ Med. 2011;18(2):294-303.
Human biomonitoring provides an efficient and cost-effective way to identify and quantify exposure to chemical substances, including those having deleterious eff ects on human organisms. Once the risk of hazardous exposure has been identified and the mechanism of toxic eff ects has been elucidated, an ultimate decision about how to reduce exposure can be made. A particularly high risk of exposure to hazardous chemicals is associated with the use of pesticides in agriculture, especially the use of organophosphorous pesticides (OP), which are the most widely and commonly used insecticides worldwide. There is some strong evidence that chronic exposure to these compounds may have adverse eff ects on health. Exposure to pesticides has been associated with an increase in the incidence of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, multiple myeloma, soft tissue sarcoma, lung sarcoma, and cancer of the pancreas, stomach, liver, bladder and gall bladder, Parkinson disease, Alzheimer disease, and reproductive outcomes. In view of these findings, the detection of populations at risk constitutes a very important topic. The biomonitoring studies on individuals exposed to pesticides have shown an elevated level of indicators of DNA damage, such as chromosomal aberrations (CA), sister chromatid exchanges (SCE), micronuclei (MN), and recently, single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE). The cytogenetic markers of DNA damage have become very popular and useful in providing an analytical data for risk assessment, such as internal exposure doses and early biological eff ects of both occupational and environmental exposure to pesticides. The article describes the usefulness and the limitations of these biomarkers in biomonitoring studies of populations exposed to pesticides, with regard to the main routes of uptake and different matrices, which can be used to monitor risk assessment in occupational settings. The article also summarizes the latest reports about biomarkers of susceptibility, and mentions other biomarkers widely used in biomonitoring studies, such as pesticide or its metabolites level.
人体生物监测提供了一种高效且具成本效益的方法，用于识别和量化对化学物质的接触，包括那些对人体有机体具有有害影响的物质。一旦确定了有害接触的风险并阐明了毒性作用机制，就可以做出关于如何减少接触的最终决定。接触有害化学物质的一个特别高风险与农业中使用农药有关，尤其是有机磷农药（OP）的使用，有机磷农药是全球使用最广泛、最普遍的杀虫剂。有确凿证据表明，长期接触这些化合物可能对健康产生不利影响。接触农药与非霍奇金淋巴瘤、多发性骨髓瘤、软组织肉瘤、肺肉瘤以及胰腺、胃、肝、膀胱和胆囊癌、帕金森病、阿尔茨海默病以及生殖结局的发病率增加有关。鉴于这些发现，识别高危人群成为一个非常重要的课题。对接触农药个体的生物监测研究表明，DNA损伤指标水平升高，如染色体畸变（CA）、姐妹染色单体交换（SCE）、微核（MN），以及最近的单细胞凝胶电泳（SCGE）。DNA损伤的细胞遗传学标志物在提供风险评估分析数据方面变得非常流行且有用，例如职业和环境接触农药的内部接触剂量和早期生物学效应。本文描述了这些生物标志物在接触农药人群生物监测研究中的有用性和局限性，涉及主要吸收途径和不同基质，这些可用于监测职业环境中的风险评估。本文还总结了关于易感性生物标志物的最新报告，并提及了在生物监测研究中广泛使用的其他生物标志物，如农药或其代谢物水平。
