Department of Plant Sciences, Public Intellectual Property Resource for Agriculture, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
Plant Biotechnol J. 2012 Jun;10(5):501-10. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2011.00674.x. Epub 2012 Jan 6.
The Public Intellectual Property Resource for Agriculture (PIPRA) was founded in 2004 by the Rockefeller Foundation in response to concerns that public investments in agricultural biotechnology benefiting developing countries were facing delays, high transaction costs and lack of access to important technologies due to intellectual property right (IPR) issues. From its inception, PIPRA has worked broadly to support a wide range of research in the public sector, in specialty and minor acreage crops as well as crops important to food security in developing countries. In this paper, we review PIPRA's work, discussing the failures, successes, and lessons learned during its years of operation. To address public sector's limited freedom-to-operate, or legal access to third-party rights, in the area of plant transformation, we describe PIPRA's patent 'pool' approach to develop open-access technologies for plant transformation which consolidate patent and tangible property rights in marker-free vector systems. The plant transformation system has been licensed and deployed for both commercial and humanitarian applications in the United States (US) and Africa, respectively.
农业公共知识产权资源（PIPRA）于 2004 年由洛克菲勒基金会成立，旨在回应人们对于公共农业生物技术投资面临的延迟、高交易成本以及由于知识产权（IPR）问题而缺乏获取重要技术的机会的担忧。从成立之初，PIPRA 就广泛致力于支持公共部门的广泛研究，包括特种作物和小面积作物以及发展中国家粮食安全的重要作物。在本文中，我们回顾了 PIPRA 的工作，讨论了其多年运作中的失败、成功和经验教训。为了解决公共部门在植物转化领域的有限操作自由或合法获取第三方权利的问题，我们描述了 PIPRA 的专利“池”方法，用于开发用于植物转化的开放获取技术，这些技术整合了无标记载体系统中的专利和有形财产权。该植物转化系统已在美国（美国）和非洲分别获得许可并部署用于商业和人道主义应用。
