Institute for the Study of the Environment, Sustainability, & Energy and School of Nursing & Health Studies, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, United States.
Environ Sci Technol. 2012 Mar 6;46(5):2799-805. doi: 10.1021/es203638x. Epub 2012 Feb 22.
Currently no U.S. federal guideline is available for assessing risk of illness from sand at recreational sites. The objectives of this study were to compute a reference level guideline for pathogens in beach sand and to compare these reference levels with measurements from a beach impacted by nonpoint sources of contamination. Reference levels were computed using quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) coupled with Monte Carlo simulations. In order to reach an equivalent level of risk of illness as set by the U.S. EPA for marine water exposure (1.9 × 10(-2)), levels would need to be at least about 10 oocysts/g (about 1 oocyst/g for a pica child) for Cryptosporidium, about 5 MPN/g (about 1 MPN/g for pica) for enterovirus, and less than 10(6) CFU/g for S. aureus. Pathogen levels measured in sand at a nonpoint source recreational beach were lower than the reference levels. More research is needed in evaluating risk from yeast and helminth exposures as well as in identifying acceptable levels of risk for skin infections associated with sand exposures.
目前，美国没有针对评估休闲场所沙中疾病风险的联邦指南。本研究的目的是计算海滩沙中病原体的参考水平指南，并将这些参考水平与受非点源污染影响的海滩的测量值进行比较。参考水平是使用定量微生物风险评估（QMRA）和蒙特卡罗模拟计算得出的。为了达到美国环保署对海水暴露设定的疾病风险（1.9×10（-2））的等效水平，对于隐孢子虫，水平至少需要约 10 个卵囊/g（对于异食癖儿童为 1 个卵囊/g），对于肠道病毒，需要至少 5 MPN/g（对于异食癖为 1 MPN/g），对于金黄色葡萄球菌，需要小于 10（6）CFU/g。在非点源休闲海滩的沙中测量的病原体水平低于参考水平。需要进一步研究评估酵母和寄生虫暴露的风险，以及确定与沙暴露相关的皮肤感染可接受的风险水平。
