Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802-6110, USA.
Adv Nutr. 2011 Mar;2(2):101-11. doi: 10.3945/an.110.000232. Epub 2011 Mar 10.
Zinc (Zn) is an essential micronutrient required for over 300 different cellular processes, including DNA and protein synthesis, enzyme activity, and intracellular signaling. Cellular Zn homeostasis necessitates the compartmentalization of Zn into intracellular organelles, which is tightly regulated through the integration of Zn transporting mechanisms. The pancreas, prostate, and mammary gland are secretory tissues that have unusual Zn requirements and thus must tightly regulate Zn metabolism through integrating Zn import, sequestration, and export mechanisms. Recent findings indicate that these tissues utilize Zn for basic cellular processes but also require Zn for unique cellular needs. In addition, abundant Zn is transported into the secretory pathway and a large amount is subsequently secreted in a tightly regulated manner for unique biological processes. Expression of numerous members of the SLC30A (ZnT) and SLC39A (Zip) gene families has been documented in these tissues, yet there is limited understanding of their precise functional role in Zn metabolism or their regulation. Impairments in Zn secretion from the pancreas, prostate, and mammary gland are associated with disorders such as diabetes, infertility, and cancer, respectively. In this review, we will provide a brief summary of the specific role of Zn in each tissue and describe our current knowledge regarding how Zn metabolism is regulated. Finally, in each instance, we will reflect upon how this information shapes our current understanding of the role of Zn in these secretory tissues with respect to human health and disease.
锌(Zn)是一种必需的微量元素,需要参与超过 300 种不同的细胞过程,包括 DNA 和蛋白质合成、酶活性和细胞内信号转导。细胞内 Zn 稳态需要将 Zn 分隔到细胞内细胞器中,这通过整合 Zn 转运机制来严格调节。胰腺、前列腺和乳腺是分泌组织,它们具有特殊的 Zn 需求,因此必须通过整合 Zn 输入、螯合和输出机制来严格调节 Zn 代谢。最近的发现表明,这些组织利用 Zn 进行基本的细胞过程,但也需要 Zn 来满足独特的细胞需求。此外,大量 Zn 被运入分泌途径,随后以严格调控的方式大量分泌,用于独特的生物学过程。在这些组织中已经记录了许多 SLC30A(ZnT)和 SLC39A(Zip)基因家族成员的表达,但对它们在 Zn 代谢中的精确功能作用或其调节的了解有限。胰腺、前列腺和乳腺中 Zn 分泌的损伤分别与糖尿病、不育和癌症等疾病有关。在这篇综述中,我们将简要总结 Zn 在每种组织中的具体作用,并描述我们目前对 Zn 代谢如何调节的了解。最后,在每种情况下,我们将反思这些信息如何塑造我们对 Zn 在这些分泌组织中与人类健康和疾病相关的作用的现有理解。