Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration, 8301 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, MD 20708, USA.
Osteoporos Int. 2013 Jan;24(1):197-207. doi: 10.1007/s00198-012-1934-9. Epub 2012 Feb 23.
Widespread poor vitamin D status, a health risk for bone disease, increases the need for new food sources of vitamin D. Light-exposed edible mushrooms synthesize vitamin D(2). Bioavailability, safety, and efficacy of high levels of vitamin D(2) from mushrooms to support bone health was established in chronically fed growing rats.
Poor vitamin D status from reduced sun exposure is made worse by limited access to vitamin D-containing foods. Exposing white button mushrooms to ultraviolet B (UVB) light markedly increases their vitamin D(2) content, creating a new food source of vitamin D. We used a growing rat model to determine safety, bioavailability, and efficacy in support of bone growth by vitamin D(2) from UVB-exposed mushrooms.
We fed 150 weanling female rats one of five diets for 10 weeks, all formulated on AIN-93 G. Control diets contained no mushrooms either with or without vitamin D(3). Other diets contained 2.5% and 5.0% of UVB-exposed or -unexposed mushrooms. Safety of the high levels of vitamin D(2) from mushrooms was assessed by animal growth and by Von Kossa staining for soft tissue calcification. Bioavailability was determined from changes in circulating levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and parathyroid hormone (PTH). Efficacy in support of bone growth was determined from measures of femur bending properties, size, mineralization, and microarchitecture.
Diets containing 2.5% and 5.0% light-exposed mushrooms significantly raised 25(OH)D and suppressed PTH levels compared to control-fed rats or rats fed 5.0% mushroom unexposed to light. Microarchitecture and trabecular mineralization were only modestly higher in the light-treated mushroom-fed rats compared to the controls. Von Kossa staining revealed no soft tissue calcification despite very high plasma 25(OH)D.
Vitamin D(2) from UVB-exposed mushrooms is bioavailable, safe, and functional in supporting bone growth and mineralization in a growing rat model without evidence of toxicity.
广泛存在的维生素 D 状态不佳，这是一种骨骼疾病的健康风险，增加了对新的维生素 D 食物来源的需求。暴露在光线下的可食用蘑菇合成维生素 D(2)。在慢性喂养的生长大鼠中，已经证实了蘑菇中高水平的维生素 D(2)对骨骼健康的生物利用度、安全性和功效。
由于阳光照射减少导致的维生素 D 状态不佳，再加上可获得的含维生素 D 食物有限，情况变得更糟。将白蘑菇暴露在紫外线 B（UVB）下会显著增加其维生素 D(2)的含量，从而创造出一种新的维生素 D 食物来源。我们使用生长中的大鼠模型来确定由 UVB 暴露蘑菇产生的维生素 D(2)在支持骨骼生长方面的安全性、生物利用度和功效。
我们用五种饮食中的一种喂养 150 只断奶雌性大鼠 10 周，所有饮食均基于 AIN-93G 配方。对照饮食中既没有蘑菇，也没有维生素 D(3)。其他饮食含有 2.5%和 5.0%的 UVB 暴露或未暴露蘑菇。通过动物生长和软组织钙化的 Von Kossa 染色来评估高剂量蘑菇维生素 D(2)的安全性。生物利用度是通过循环 25-羟维生素 D [25(OH)D] 和甲状旁腺激素 (PTH) 水平的变化来确定的。支持骨骼生长的功效是通过股骨弯曲特性、大小、矿化和微观结构的测量来确定的。
与对照喂养的大鼠或喂养 5.0%未暴露于光的蘑菇的大鼠相比，含有 2.5%和 5.0%光暴露蘑菇的饮食显著提高了 25(OH)D 水平，并抑制了 PTH 水平。与对照组相比，光处理蘑菇喂养的大鼠的微观结构和小梁矿化仅略有提高。尽管血浆 25(OH)D 非常高，但 Von Kossa 染色并未发现任何软组织钙化。
UVB 暴露蘑菇中的维生素 D(2)是可利用的、安全的、功能性的，可支持生长大鼠模型中的骨骼生长和矿化，且没有毒性的证据。
