Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
Environ Sci Technol. 2012 Apr 3;46(7):4207-14. doi: 10.1021/es203957u. Epub 2012 Mar 13.
Published emission factors (EFs) often vary significantly, leading to high uncertainties in emission estimations. There are few reliable EFs from field measurements of residential wood combustion in China. In this study, 17 wood fuels and one bamboo were combusted in a typical residential stove in rural China to measure realistic EFs of particulate matter (PM), organic carbon (OC), and elemental carbon (EC), as well as to investigate the influence of fuel properties and combustion conditions on the EFs. Measured EFs of PM, OC, and EC (EF(PM), EF(OC), and EF(EC), respectively) were in the range of 0.38-6.4, 0.024-3.0, and 0.039-3.9 g/kg (dry basis), with means and standard derivation of 2.2 ± 1.2, 0.62 ± 0.64, and 0.83 ± 0.69 g/kg, respectively. Shrubby biomass combustion produced higher EFs than tree woods, and both species had lower EFs than those of indoor crop residue burning (p < 0.05). Significant correlations between EF(PM), EF(OC), and EF(EC) were expected. By using a nine-stage cascade impactor, it was shown that size distributions of PM emitted from tree biomass combustions were unimodal with peaks at a diameter less than 0.4 μm (PM(0.4)), much finer than the PM from indoor crop residue burning. Approximately 79.4% of the total PM from tree wood combustion was PM with a diameter less than 2.1 μm (PM(2.1)). PM size distributions for shrubby biomasses were slightly different from those for tree fuels. On the basis of the measured EFs, total emissions of PM, OC, and EC from residential wood combustion in rural China in 2007 were estimated at about 303, 75.7, and 92.0 Gg.
已发布的排放因子（EFs）差异较大，导致排放估算的不确定性很高。中国农村地区居民木材燃烧的实地测量很少有可靠的 EFs。本研究在中国农村典型的民用炉灶中燃烧了 17 种木材燃料和一种竹材，以测量颗粒物（PM）、有机碳（OC）和元素碳（EC）的实际 EF，并研究燃料特性和燃烧条件对 EF 的影响。实测的 PM、OC 和 EC 的 EF（分别为 EF(PM)、EF(OC)和 EF(EC)）范围为 0.38-6.4、0.024-3.0 和 0.039-3.9 g/kg（干基），平均值和标准差分别为 2.2±1.2、0.62±0.64 和 0.83±0.69 g/kg。灌木生物质燃烧产生的 EF 高于树木，两种生物质的 EF 均低于室内作物残余燃烧的 EF（p<0.05）。EF(PM)、EF(OC)和 EF(EC)之间存在显著相关性。通过使用九级级联冲击器，表明树木生物质燃烧产生的 PM 粒径分布呈单峰分布，峰值小于 0.4 μm（PM(0.4)），比室内作物残余燃烧产生的 PM 更细。树木木材燃烧产生的 PM 中约有 79.4%的 PM 直径小于 2.1 μm（PM(2.1)）。灌木生物质的 PM 粒径分布与树木燃料略有不同。根据实测的 EF，2007 年中国农村居民木材燃烧产生的 PM、OC 和 EC 的总排放量估计约为 303、75.7 和 92.0 Gg。
