Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Grattan Street, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012 Mar 6;9(5):286-94. doi: 10.1038/nrgastro.2012.32.
Neurogastroenterology is defined as neurology of the gastrointestinal tract, liver, gallbladder and pancreas and encompasses control of digestion through the enteric nervous system (ENS), the central nervous system (CNS) and integrative centers in sympathetic ganglia. This Review provides a broad overview of the field of neurogastroenterology, with a focus on the roles of the ENS in the control of the musculature of the gastrointestinal tract and transmucosal fluid movement. Digestion is controlled through the integration of multiple signals from the ENS and CNS; neural signals also pass between distinct gut regions to coordinate digestive activity. Moreover, neural and endocrine control of digestion is closely coordinated. Interestingly, the extent to which the ENS or CNS controls digestion differs considerably along the digestive tract. The importance of the ENS is emphasized by the life-threatening effects of certain ENS neuropathies, including Hirschsprung disease and Chagas disease. Other ENS disorders, such as esophageal achalasia and gastroparesis, cause varying degrees of dysfunction. The neurons in enteric reflex pathways use a wide range of chemical messengers that signal through an even wider range of receptors. These receptors provide many actual and potential targets for modifying digestive function.
神经胃肠病学被定义为胃肠道、肝脏、胆囊和胰腺的神经病学，它涵盖了通过肠神经系统（ENS）、中枢神经系统（CNS）和交感神经节中的整合中心来控制消化。这篇综述广泛概述了神经胃肠病学领域，重点介绍了 ENS 在控制胃肠道肌肉和黏膜液流动方面的作用。消化是通过整合来自 ENS 和 CNS 的多种信号来控制的；神经信号也在不同的肠道区域之间传递，以协调消化活动。此外，神经和内分泌对消化的控制密切协调。有趣的是，ENS 或 CNS 控制消化的程度在消化道的不同部位有很大差异。ENS 的重要性体现在某些 ENS 神经病变的致命影响上，包括先天性巨结肠和恰加斯病。其他 ENS 疾病，如食管失弛缓症和胃轻瘫，导致不同程度的功能障碍。肠反射通路中的神经元使用广泛的化学信使，通过更广泛的受体传递信号。这些受体为改变消化功能提供了许多实际和潜在的靶点。
