Department of Biology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA 98225, USA.
Annu Rev Plant Biol. 2012;63:591-614. doi: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042811-105451. Epub 2012 Jan 30.
The main route for CO(2) and water vapor exchange between a plant and the environment is through small pores called stomata. The accessibility of stomata and predictable division series that characterize their development provides an excellent system to address fundamental questions in biology. Stomatal cell-state transition and specification are regulated by a suite of transcription factors controlled by positional signaling via peptide ligands and transmembrane receptors. Downstream effectors include several members of the core cell-cycle genes. Environmentally induced signals are integrated into this essential developmental program to modulate stomatal development or function in response to changes in the abiotic environment. In addition, the recent identification of premitotic polarly localized proteins from both Arabidopsis and maize has laid a foundation for the future understanding of intrinsic cell polarity in plants. This review highlights the mechanisms of stomatal development through characterization of genes controlling cell-fate specification, cell polarity, cell division, and cell-cell communication during stomatal development and discusses the genetic framework linking these molecular processes with the correct spacing, density, and differentiation of stomata.
植物与环境之间 CO2 和水蒸气交换的主要途径是通过称为气孔的小孔隙。气孔的可及性和可预测的分裂系列特征为解决生物学中的基本问题提供了一个极好的系统。气孔细胞状态的转变和特化受转录因子的调控，这些转录因子受肽配体和跨膜受体的位置信号控制。下游效应物包括几个核心细胞周期基因的成员。环境诱导的信号被整合到这个基本的发育程序中，以调节气孔的发育或功能，以响应非生物环境的变化。此外，最近从拟南芥和玉米中鉴定出有丝分裂前极性定位蛋白，为未来理解植物内在细胞极性奠定了基础。本文通过对控制细胞命运特化、细胞极性、细胞分裂和细胞间通讯的基因进行特征描述，综述了气孔发育的机制，并讨论了将这些分子过程与气孔的正确间距、密度和分化联系起来的遗传框架。
