The Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Division of Environmental Health Engineering and the JHU Global Water Program and JHU Center for Water and Health, United States.
Curr Opin Virol. 2012 Feb;2(1):78-83. doi: 10.1016/j.coviro.2011.10.027. Epub 2011 Dec 9.
There is substantial potential for human exposure to viruses in environmental matrixes. Identification of virally contaminated environmental reservoirs requires assays with sufficient sensitivity to detect low copy numbers of viral targets. However, low detection sensitivity frequently requires sample concentration during which inhibitors to downstream assays co-isolate with desired target. Conventional detection assays (e.g., cell culture, polymerase chain reaction) require a priori selection of appropriate cell lines or primers and probes based on the viruses anticipated to be present in the sample. This can underestimate exposure risks by excluding unidentified or unknown virus. Emerging methods including nonspecific adsorption/elution, filtration, and total nucleic acid sequencing, that are capable of concentrating, purifying, and detecting total virus and/or total virus nucleic acid will aid in estimates of exposure risk, source tracking, intervention efficacy, and evaluation of virus fate and transport. Development and implementation of novel virus detection techniques must integrate quality assurance guidelines to validate results and provide opportunities for interstudy comparison.
人类在环境基质中接触病毒的风险很大。识别受病毒污染的环境储库需要具有足够灵敏度的检测方法来检测低拷贝数量的病毒靶标。然而，低检测灵敏度通常需要在样品浓缩过程中进行，在此过程中，下游检测的抑制剂与所需的目标一起共分离。传统的检测方法（例如细胞培养、聚合酶链反应）需要根据预期存在于样品中的病毒，事先选择适当的细胞系或引物和探针。这可能会通过排除未知或未知的病毒而低估暴露风险。新兴的方法，包括非特异性吸附/洗脱、过滤和总核酸测序，能够浓缩、纯化和检测总病毒和/或总病毒核酸，这将有助于估计暴露风险、来源追踪、干预效果以及评估病毒的命运和迁移。新型病毒检测技术的开发和实施必须整合质量保证准则，以验证结果并为研究间比较提供机会。
