Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
Chem Soc Rev. 2012 May 21;41(10):4030-66. doi: 10.1039/c2cs15362a. Epub 2012 Mar 28.
In recent years, the designer nature of ionic liquids (ILs) has driven their exploration and exploitation in countless fields among the physical and chemical sciences. A fair measure of the tremendous attention placed on these fluids has been attributed to their inherent designer nature. And yet, there are relatively few examples of reviews that emphasize this vital aspect in an exhaustive or meaningful way. In this critical review, we systematically survey the physicochemical properties of the collective library of ether- and alcohol-functionalized ILs, highlighting the impact of ionic structure on features such as viscosity, phase behavior/transitions, density, thermostability, electrochemical properties, and polarity (e.g. hydrophilicity, hydrogen bonding capability). In the latter portions of this review, we emphasize the attractive applications of these functionalized ILs across a range of disciplines, including their use as electrolytes or functional fluids for electrochemistry, extractions, biphasic systems, gas separations, carbon capture, carbohydrate dissolution (particularly, the (ligno)celluloses), polymer chemistry, antimicrobial and antielectrostatic agents, organic synthesis, biomolecular stabilization and activation, and nanoscience. Finally, this review discusses anion-functionalized ILs, including sulfur- and oxygen-functionalized analogs, as well as choline-based deep eutectic solvents (DESs), an emerging class of fluids which can be sensibly categorized as semi-molecular cousins to the IL. Finally, the toxicity and biodegradability of ether- and alcohol-functionalized ILs are discussed and cautiously evaluated in light of recent reports. By carefully summarizing literature examples on the properties and applications of oxy-functional designer ILs up till now, it is our intent that this review offers a barometer for gauging future advances in the field as well as a trigger to spur further contemplation of these seemingly inexhaustible and--relative to their potential--virtually untouched fluids. It is abundantly clear that these remarkable fluidic materials are here to stay, just as certain design rules are slowly beginning to emerge. However, in fairness, serendipity also still plays an undeniable role, highlighting the need for both expanded in silico studies and a beacon to attract bright, young researchers to the field (406 references).
近年来，离子液体（ILs）的设计性质促使它们在物理和化学科学的无数领域中得到了探索和开发。这些流体引起了极大的关注，这在一定程度上归因于它们固有的设计性质。然而，相对较少有强调这一重要方面的综述，且这些综述也没有以详尽或有意义的方式来强调这一重要方面。在这篇批判性综述中，我们系统地调查了醚基和醇基功能化离子液体的集体文库的物理化学性质，强调了离子结构对粘度、相行为/转变、密度、热稳定性、电化学性质和极性（如亲水性、氢键能力）等特征的影响。在这篇综述的后一部分，我们强调了这些功能化 IL 在一系列学科中的有吸引力的应用，包括它们作为电解质或功能性流体在电化学、萃取、两相体系、气体分离、碳捕获、碳水化合物溶解（特别是木质纤维素）、聚合物化学、抗菌和抗静电剂、有机合成、生物分子稳定和激活以及纳米科学中的应用。最后，本综述讨论了阴离子功能化 IL，包括硫和氧功能化类似物，以及胆碱基深共晶溶剂（DES），这是一类新兴的流体，可以合理地归类为 IL 的半分子同类物。最后，根据最近的报告，讨论了醚基和醇基功能化 IL 的毒性和生物降解性，并谨慎地进行了评估。通过仔细总结迄今为止关于含氧功能设计 IL 的性质和应用的文献实例，我们希望本综述能为该领域未来的进展提供一个衡量标准，并激发对这些看似无穷无尽的、相对于它们的潜力而言几乎未被触及的流体的进一步思考。显然，这些非凡的流体材料将继续存在，就像一些确定的设计规则开始逐渐出现一样。然而，公平地说，机遇仍然起着不可否认的作用，这突出了需要进行扩展的计算机研究，并需要一个灯塔来吸引聪明的年轻研究人员进入该领域（406 篇参考文献）。
