Institut für Technische Chemie, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstrasse 5, 30167, Hannover, Germany,
Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol. 2013;129:73-88. doi: 10.1007/10_2012_133.
The introduction of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) into the field of tissue engineering for bone and cartilage repair is a promising development, since these cells can be expanded ex vivo to clinically relevant numbers and, after expansion, retain their ability to differentiate into different cell lineages. Mesenchymal stem cells isolated from various tissues have been intensively studied and characterized by many research groups. To obtain functionally active differentiated tissue, tissue engineered constructs are cultivated in vitro statically or dynamically in bioreactors under controlled conditions. These conditions include special cell culture media, addition of signalling molecules, various physical and chemical factors and the application of different mechanical stimuli. Oxygen concentration in the culture environment is also a significant factor which influences MSC proliferation, stemness and differentiation capacity. Knowledge of the different aspects which affect MSC differentiation in vivo and in vitro will help researchers to achieve directed cell fate without the addition of differentiation agents in concentrations above the physiological range.
间充质干细胞（MSC）被引入骨和软骨修复的组织工程领域是一个很有前途的发展，因为这些细胞可以在体外大量扩增，并且在扩增后仍然保留其分化为不同细胞谱系的能力。许多研究小组对从各种组织中分离出来的间充质干细胞进行了深入研究和特性描述。为了获得具有功能活性的分化组织，组织工程构建体在体外静态或动态条件下在生物反应器中进行培养。这些条件包括特殊的细胞培养基、添加信号分子、各种物理和化学因素以及应用不同的机械刺激。培养环境中的氧浓度也是一个重要因素，它影响 MSC 的增殖、干性和分化能力。了解影响 MSC 体内和体外分化的不同方面将有助于研究人员在不添加高于生理范围浓度的分化剂的情况下实现定向细胞命运。
