Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
Cogn Emot. 2012;26(3):390-406. doi: 10.1080/02699931.2011.645281.
A growing body of research suggests that pride and shame are associated with distinct, cross-culturally recognised nonverbal expressions, which are spontaneously displayed in situations of success and failure, respectively. Here, we review these findings, then offer a theoretical account of the adaptive benefits of these displays. We argue that both pride and shame expressions function as social signals that benefit both observers and expressers. Specifically, pride displays function to signal high status, which benefits displayers by according them deference from others, and benefits observers by affording them valuable information about social-learning opportunities. Shame displays function to appease others after a social transgression, which benefits displayers by allowing them to avoid punishment and negative appraisals, and observers by easing their identification of committed group members and followers.
越来越多的研究表明，骄傲和羞耻与独特的、跨文化认可的非言语表达有关，分别在成功和失败的情况下自发表现出来。在这里，我们回顾这些发现，然后提供一个理论解释这些表现的适应益处。我们认为，骄傲和羞耻的表现都作为社会信号，对表达者和观察者都有好处。具体来说，骄傲的表现可以用来表示高地位，这对表达者有利，因为它让他们得到别人的尊重，对观察者也有利，因为它让他们获得有关社会学习机会的有价值的信息。羞耻的表现可以在社交越轨后安抚他人，这对表达者有利，因为它使他们能够避免惩罚和负面评价，对观察者也有利，因为它使他们更容易识别出忠诚的群体成员和追随者。
