Brocklehurst Paul H, Lickley Robin J, Corley Martin
School of Philosophy, Psychology, and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom.
J Commun Disord. 2012 May-Jun;45(3):147-60. doi: 10.1016/j.jcomdis.2012.03.003. Epub 2012 Mar 17.
This study investigates whether the experience of stuttering can result from the speaker's anticipation of his words being misrecognized. Twelve adults who stutter (AWS) repeated single words into what appeared to be an automatic speech-recognition system. Following each iteration of each word, participants provided a self-rating of whether they stuttered on it and the computer then provided feedback implying its correct or incorrect recognition of it. Each word was repeated four times. Unbeknown to participants, 'Correct' and 'Incorrect' recognition of words by the system was pre-determined and bore no relation to the actual quality of participants' iterations of those words. For words uttered in the 'Correct recognition' condition, the likelihood of AWS self-reporting stuttering on a word diminished across iterations, whereas for words in the 'Incorrect recognition' condition it remained static. On the basis of the findings it is argued that: (a) in AWS, the anticipation that a word will be misrecognized increases the relative likelihood of stuttering on that word in the future; and (b) this effect is independent of the degree of difficulty inherent in the formulation and motor execution of the word itself, although it may interact with it. Mechanisms that can account for these findings and yet are also congruent with the wider range of evidence from psycholinguistic and speech motor control domains are discussed. It is concluded that stuttered disfluencies may best be explained as resulting from the inappropriate functioning of covert repair and/or variable release threshold mechanisms in response to the anticipation of communication failure.
This article informs readers about two different theoretical approaches to explaining developmental stuttering: (1) stuttering as an adaptation response to an underlying impairment; and (2) stuttering as an anticipatory struggle response. It describes how these approaches account for different symptoms of the disorder, and proposes that both theoretical approaches are needed in order to fully account for the range of symptoms and experimental findings associated with stuttering.
本研究调查口吃体验是否源于说话者预期自己的话语会被误识别。12名成年口吃者对着一个看似自动语音识别系统重复单个单词。每个单词每次迭代后，参与者需自评自己在该单词上是否口吃，然后计算机会给出暗示其识别正确与否的反馈。每个单词重复4次。参与者不知情的是，系统对单词的“正确”和“错误”识别是预先确定的，与参与者对这些单词的实际发音质量无关。在“正确识别”条件下说出的单词，口吃者在该单词上自我报告口吃的可能性在各次迭代中逐渐降低，而在“错误识别”条件下的单词，该可能性保持不变。基于这些发现，有人认为：(a) 在成年口吃者中，预期单词会被误识别会增加未来在该单词上口吃的相对可能性；(b) 这种影响与单词本身的发音和运动执行中固有的难度程度无关，尽管可能与之相互作用。文中讨论了能够解释这些发现且与心理语言学和言语运动控制领域更广泛证据相一致的机制。得出的结论是，口吃性不流畅现象最好解释为是由于对沟通失败的预期，隐蔽修复和/或可变释放阈值机制功能失调所致。
本文向读者介绍了两种不同的解释发育性口吃的理论方法：(1) 口吃是对潜在损伤的适应性反应；(2) 口吃是预期性挣扎反应。它描述了这些方法如何解释该障碍的不同症状，并提出需要这两种理论方法才能充分解释与口吃相关的一系列症状和实验结果。
