Institute of Metabolic Physiology, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2012 Apr;2(4):a006619. doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a006619.
The vascular system developed early in evolution. It is required in large multicellular organisms for the transport of nutrients, oxygen, and waste products to and from tissues. The vascular system is composed of hollow tubes, which have a high level of complexity in vertebrates. Vasculogenesis describes the de novo formation of blood vessels, e.g., aorta formation in vertebrate embryogenesis. In contrast, angiogenesis is the formation of blood vessels from preexisting ones, e.g., sprouting of intersomitic blood vessels from the aorta. Importantly, the lumen of all blood vessels in vertebrates is lined and formed by endothelial cells. In both vasculogenesis and angiogenesis, lumen formation takes place in a cord of endothelial cells. It involves a complex molecular mechanism composed of endothelial cell repulsion at the cell-cell contacts within the endothelial cell cords, junctional rearrangement, and endothelial cell shape change. As the vascular system also participates in the course of many diseases, such as cancer, stroke, and myocardial infarction, it is important to understand and make use of the molecular mechanisms of blood vessel formation to better understand and manipulate the pathomechanisms involved.
血管系统在进化早期就已经发展。它是大型多细胞生物所必需的，用于将营养物质、氧气和废物从组织输送到组织。血管系统由中空的管子组成，在脊椎动物中具有高度的复杂性。血管发生描述了新血管的形成，例如脊椎动物胚胎发生中的主动脉形成。相比之下，血管生成是指从预先存在的血管形成新的血管，例如体节间血管从主动脉发芽。重要的是，脊椎动物所有血管的腔都由内皮细胞排列和形成。在血管发生和血管生成中，腔的形成发生在内皮细胞索中。它涉及一个复杂的分子机制，包括内皮细胞在内皮细胞索内的细胞-细胞接触处的排斥、连接重排和内皮细胞形状变化。由于血管系统也参与许多疾病的发生，如癌症、中风和心肌梗死，因此了解和利用血管形成的分子机制对于更好地理解和操纵相关的病理机制非常重要。
