Interdepartmental Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
Circ Res. 2013 Apr 26;112(9):1272-87. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.113.300506.
The circulatory system is the first organ system to develop in the vertebrate embryo and is critical throughout gestation for the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to, as well as removal of metabolic waste products from, growing tissues. Endothelial cells, which constitute the luminal layer of all blood and lymphatic vessels, emerge de novo from the mesoderm in a process known as vasculogenesis. The vascular plexus that is initially formed is then remodeled and refined via proliferation, migration, and sprouting of endothelial cells to form new vessels from preexisting ones during angiogenesis. Mural cells are also recruited by endothelial cells to form the surrounding vessel wall. During this vascular remodeling process, primordial endothelial cells are specialized to acquire arterial, venous, and blood-forming hemogenic phenotypes and functions. A subset of venous endothelium is also specialized to become lymphatic endothelium later in development. The specialization of all endothelial cell subtypes requires extrinsic signals and intrinsic regulatory events, which will be discussed in this review.
循环系统是脊椎动物胚胎中第一个发育的器官系统，在整个妊娠期对于向生长组织输送氧气和营养物质以及清除代谢废物至关重要。内皮细胞构成所有血液和淋巴管的腔层，它们从中胚层中全新出现，这一过程称为血管发生。最初形成的血管丛通过内皮细胞的增殖、迁移和出芽，从预先存在的血管中形成新的血管，从而重塑和细化，在此期间发生血管生成。壁细胞也被内皮细胞募集来形成周围的血管壁。在这个血管重塑过程中，原始的内皮细胞被特化以获得动脉、静脉和造血的血生成表型和功能。静脉内皮细胞的一部分也被特化，在发育后期成为淋巴管内皮细胞。所有内皮细胞亚型的特化都需要外在信号和内在调节事件，这将在本综述中讨论。
