Pampel Fred C
Soc Sci Res. 2005 Mar;34(1):117-139. doi: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2003.12.003.
In noting that common explanations of smoking cannot account for both its current inverse relationship with SES and the shift over time toward greater concentration among low SES groups, this paper presents an explanation based on diffusion and status distinctions. The explanation predicts that, as cigarette diffusion proceeds and fashions change, the social determinants of smoking will shift across cohorts, such that initially positive relationships between pre-adult components of socioeconomic status and smoking in early cohorts become negative in later cohorts. Tests using historical, cohort-linked aggregate data on cigarette diffusion, and individual-level data from the General Social Surveys covering the years from 1978 to 1994 and cohorts from 1889 to 1976 largely support the predictions. In comparing older to newer cohorts, the results show correspondence between the stage of cigarette diffusion and the direction and strength of the relationships of education, parental status, urban residence, and gender with cigarette smoking.
在指出吸烟的常见解释无法说明其当前与社会经济地位（SES）的反向关系以及随时间推移向低SES群体中更高集中度的转变时，本文提出了一种基于传播和地位差异的解释。该解释预测，随着香烟的传播和时尚的变化，吸烟的社会决定因素将在不同队列中发生变化，使得早期队列中社会经济地位的成年前组成部分与吸烟之间最初的正向关系在后期队列中变为负向关系。使用关于香烟传播的历史、队列关联的汇总数据以及涵盖1978年至1994年以及1889年至1976年队列的综合社会调查的个体层面数据进行的测试在很大程度上支持了这些预测。在比较 older to newer cohorts时，结果显示香烟传播阶段与教育、父母地位、城市居住和性别与吸烟的关系的方向和强度之间存在对应关系。 （注：原文中“older to newer cohorts”表述不太准确，可能是“older cohorts to newer cohorts”，但按要求不做修改直接翻译）
