Transferrin-modified c[RGDfK]-paclitaxel loaded hybrid micelle for sequential blood-brain barrier penetration and glioma targeting therapy.

The effective chemotherapy for glioblastoma multiform (GBM) requires a nanomedicine that can both penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and target the glioma cells subsequently. In this study, Transferrin (Tf) modified cyclo-[Arg-Gly-Asp-d-Phe-Lys] (c[RGDfK])-paclitaxel conjugate (RP) loaded micelle (TRPM) was prepared and evaluated for its targeting efficiency, antiglioma activity, and toxicity in vitro and in vivo. Tf modification significantly enhanced the cellular uptake of TRPM by primary brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMEC) to 2.4-fold of RP loaded micelle (RPM) through Tf receptor mediated endocytosis, resulting in a high drug accumulation in the brain after intravenous injection.The c[RGDfK] modified paclitaxel (PTX) was released from micelle subsequently and targeted to integrin overexpressed glioma cells in vitro, and showed significantly prolonged retention in glioma tumor and peritumoral tissue. Most importantly, TRPM exhibited the strongest antiglioma activity, as the mean survival time of mice bearing intracranial U-87 MG glioma treated with TRPM (42.8 days) was significantly longer than those treated with Tf modified PTX loaded micelle (TPM) (39.5 days), PTX loaded micelle (PM) (34.8 days), Taxol (33.6 days), and saline (34.5 days). Noteworthy, TRPM did not lead to body weight loss compared with saline and was less toxic than TPM. These results indicated that TRPM could be a promising nanomedicine for glioma chemotherapy.