Dept. of Psychiatry, Univ. of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, San Diego, CA 92169, USA.
Behav Sci Law. 2012 May-Jun;30(3):256-79. doi: 10.1002/bsl.999. Epub 2011 Aug 24.
The concept of warning behaviors offers an additional perspective in threat assessment. Warning behaviors are acts which constitute evidence of increasing or accelerating risk. They are acute, dynamic, and particularly toxic changes in patterns of behavior which may aid in structuring a professional's judgment that an individual of concern now poses a threat - whether the actual target has been identified or not. They require an operational response. A typology of eight warning behaviors for assessing the threat of intended violence is proposed: pathway, fixation, identification, novel aggression, energy burst, leakage, directly communicated threat, and last resort warning behaviors. Previous research on risk factors associated with such warning behaviors is reviewed, and examples of each warning behavior from various intended violence cases are presented, including public figure assassination, adolescent and adult mass murder, corporate celebrity stalking, and both domestic and foreign acts of terrorism. Practical applications and future research into warning behaviors are suggested.
预警行为的概念为威胁评估提供了一个额外的视角。预警行为是构成风险增加或加速的证据的行为。它们是行为模式中急剧、动态且特别具有毒性的变化，可能有助于构建专业人员的判断，即关注的个体现在是否构成威胁——无论实际目标是否已经确定。它们需要采取行动响应。本文提出了用于评估故意暴力威胁的八种预警行为的类型学：途径、固定、识别、新的攻击、能量爆发、泄漏、直接传达的威胁和最后的预警行为。本文回顾了与这些预警行为相关的风险因素的研究，并展示了来自各种故意暴力案件的每种预警行为的示例，包括公众人物暗杀、青少年和成年大规模谋杀、公司名人跟踪以及国内外的恐怖主义行为。本文还提出了预警行为的实际应用和未来研究建议。
