Department of Sport Sciences, Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, Education, Communication, and Sport School, IPG, Guarda, Portugal.
J Strength Cond Res. 2012 Jul;26(7):1756-66. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e31825bb4aa.
The purpose of this study was to analyze in which physical capabilities boys and girls are closer or distant. An additional objective was to find which of the body fat, physical activity, and somatotype factors have a greater effect on prepubescent children's physical fitness. This was a cross-sectional study involving 312 children (10.8 ± 0.4 years). The physical fitness assessment employed sets of aerobic fitness, strength, flexibility, speed, agility, and balance. The boys presented higher values in all selected tests, except tests of balance and flexibility, in which girls scored better. Gender differences in the physical fitness were greatest in the explosive strength of upper (p ≤ 0.01, η(p)(2) = 0.09) and lower limbs (p ≤ 0.01, η(p)(2) = 0.08), although with a medium-size effect of gender, and smaller in the abdominal (p > 0.05, η(p)(2) = 0.007) and upper limbs (p > 0.05, η(p)(2) = 0.003) muscular endurance, and trunk extensor strength and flexibility (p > 0.05, η(p)(2) = 0.001). The endomorphic (p ≤ 0.01, η(p)(2) = 0.26) in the girls, and the ectomorphic (p ≤ 0.01, η(p)(2) = 0.31) and mesomorphic (p ≤ 0.01, η(p)(2) = 0.26) in the boys, had the high-sized effect on the physical fitness. The physical activity in the girls, and the endomorphic and body fat in the boys, did not have a significant effect. These findings can help in the planning of activities that take into account the success and motivation of both boys and girls and thus increase levels of physical activity and physical fitness at school. However, in prepubescent children, one cannot neglect the influence of genetic determinism, observed from the morphoconstitutional point of view.
本研究旨在分析男孩和女孩在哪些身体能力上更接近或更疏远。另一个目的是找出体脂肪、身体活动和体型因素中哪些对青春期前儿童的身体素质有更大的影响。这是一项涉及 312 名儿童（10.8±0.4 岁）的横断面研究。身体素质评估采用了一系列有氧适能、力量、柔韧性、速度、敏捷性和平衡测试。男孩在所有选定的测试中表现出更高的值，除了平衡和柔韧性测试，女孩的得分更高。在身体素质方面，男孩和女孩之间的性别差异最大的是上肢（p≤0.01，η(p)(2)=0.09）和下肢（p≤0.01，η(p)(2)=0.08）的爆发性力量，尽管性别效应中等大小，而在腹部（p>0.05，η(p)(2)=0.007）和上肢（p>0.05，η(p)(2)=0.003）肌肉耐力以及躯干伸肌力量和柔韧性（p>0.05，η(p)(2)=0.001）方面较小。女孩的内胚层（p≤0.01，η(p)(2)=0.26），男孩的外胚层（p≤0.01，η(p)(2)=0.31）和中胚层（p≤0.01，η(p)(2)=0.26）对身体素质有高影响。女孩的身体活动和男孩的内胚层和体脂肪没有显著影响。这些发现有助于规划活动，既要考虑到男孩和女孩的成功和动力，又要提高学校的身体活动和身体素质水平。然而，在青春期前儿童中，不能忽视从形态学角度观察到的遗传决定因素的影响。
