Psychology Department, University of Dallas, Irving, TX, USA.
Int J Qual Stud Health Well-being. 2012;7. doi: 10.3402/qhw.v7i0.8187. Epub 2012 May 4.
In bringing ourselves to the encounter with the experience of others, we bring our bodies with us-and, in doing so, we are able to resonate not only intellectually but also empathically with the other's experiences and expressions (which are given to us both verbally and nonverbally). In remaining faithful to our foundations in phenomenology (Husserl, Heidegger, Merleau-Ponty, and Levinas), we shall talk about taking notice of others from within the relational "exchange" and reflect upon what, precisely, are the experientially given "affairs" to which Husserl invited us to return. Our interest begins with the other's "first person" experience, but since we cannot access this directly, we must rely on the resonance we find within ourselves, within our own lived bodies, when we are addressed by the other, whether in word or in gesture. I am wondering what the other is experiencing and all my powers of perception are driven toward this other, whose first person experience remains just out of reach and accessible only insofar as I have this capacity for a deeper "bodily felt" awareness in which the other's experience takes possession of me. Merleau-Ponty's notion of bearing "witness" to behavior is useful in illuminating this "second person" perspective, which takes its point of departure from Husserl's (1910-1911) intersubjective reduction, by means of which we "participate in the other's positing" (1952/1989, emphasis added) and thereby grasp the meaning of the other's expression. Ultimately, the intuitive talent of the caring professional will be shown to reside in his or her being able to move beyond what the other is able to say to a more deeply felt attunement to what is being revealed to us in the other's presence. Applications to patient care are discussed.
在与他人的体验相遇时，我们带着自己的身体——这样做，我们不仅能够在智力上，而且能够在情感上与他人的体验和表达产生共鸣（这些体验和表达既可以通过言语，也可以通过非言语的方式呈现给我们）。在忠于我们在现象学中的基础（胡塞尔、海德格尔、梅洛-庞蒂和列维纳斯）的前提下，我们将谈论从关系“交流”内部关注他人，并反思胡塞尔邀请我们回归的那些体验上的“事务”究竟是什么。我们的兴趣始于他人的“第一人称”体验，但由于我们无法直接访问，因此，当他人以言语或手势与我们交流时，我们必须依赖我们在自己身上、在自己的生活身体中找到的共鸣。我想知道对方正在经历什么，我所有的感知能力都被引导到对方身上，而对方的第一人称体验仍然遥不可及，只有当我有这种更深层次的“身体感知”能力时，才能触及到它，在这种能力中，对方的体验占据了我的位置。梅洛-庞蒂的“见证”行为的概念有助于阐明这种“第二人称”视角，它从胡塞尔的（1910-1911）主体间还原出发，通过这种还原，我们“参与到他人的设定中”（1952/1989，重点后加），从而理解他人表达的意义。最终，护理专业人员的直观天赋将被证明在于他或她能够超越他人能够表达的范围，深入到他人的存在中，感受到更多的共鸣。讨论了在患者护理中的应用。
