Molecular Neurobiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassel Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States.
Physiol Behav. 2012 Dec 5;107(5):623-40. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.05.014. Epub 2012 May 27.
This review addresses the recent convergence of our long-standing knowledge of the regulation of behavioral phenotypes by developmental experience with recent advances in our understanding of mechanisms regulating gene expression. This review supports a particular perspective on the developmental regulation of behavioral phenotypes: That the role of common developmental experiences (e.g. maternal interactions, peer interactions, exposure to a complex environment, etc.) is to fit individuals to the circumstances of their lives within bounds determined by long-standing (evolutionary) mechanisms that have shaped responses to critical and fundamental types of experience via those aspects of gene structure that regulate gene expression. The phenotype of a given species is not absolute for a given genotype but rather variable within bounds that is determined by mechanisms regulated by experience (e.g. epigenetic mechanisms). This phenotypic variation is not necessarily random, or evenly distributed along a continuum of description or measurement, but often highly disjointed, producing distinct, even opposing, phenotypes. The potentiality for these varying phenotypes is itself the product of evolution, the potential for alternative phenotypes itself conveying evolutionary advantage. Examples of such phenotypic variation, resulting from environmental or experiential influences, have a long history of study in neurobiology, and a number of these will be discussed in this review: neurodevelopmental experiences that produce phenotypic variation in visual perception, cognitive function, and emotional behavior. Although other examples will be discussed, particular emphasis will be made on the role of social behavior on neurodevelopment and phenotypic determination. It will be argued that an important purpose of some aspects of social behavior is regulation of neurobehavioral phenotypes by experience via genetic regulatory mechanisms.
这篇综述探讨了我们长期以来对发育经验调节行为表型的认识，以及最近对调节基因表达机制的理解的最新进展。这篇综述支持了一种关于行为表型发育调节的特定观点：共同发育经验（例如，母婴互动、同伴互动、暴露于复杂环境等）的作用是使个体适应其生活环境，适应范围由长期（进化）机制决定，这些机制通过调节基因表达的基因结构方面，对关键和基本类型的经验做出反应。特定物种的表型对于特定基因型而言不是绝对的，而是在由经验调节的机制（例如表观遗传机制）决定的范围内变化的。这种表型变异不一定是随机的，或者沿着描述或测量的连续体均匀分布，而是通常高度不连贯，产生明显的、甚至相反的表型。这些不同表型的可能性本身就是进化的产物，替代表型的可能性本身就传达了进化优势。由于环境或经验的影响而产生的这种表型变异的例子在神经生物学中有很长的研究历史，本综述将讨论其中的一些例子：产生视觉感知、认知功能和情绪行为表型变异的神经发育经验。虽然还将讨论其他例子，但将特别强调社会行为在神经发育和表型决定中的作用。有人认为，某些社会行为方面的一个重要目的是通过遗传调节机制调节经验对神经行为表型的调节。
