Universidad Eafit, Medellín, Colombia.
J Gambl Stud. 2013 Sep;29(3):507-24. doi: 10.1007/s10899-012-9319-8.
The present study focuses on the effects of graphic warnings related to excessive gambling. It is based upon a theoretical model derived from both the Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) and the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM). We focus on video lottery terminal (VLT), one of the most hazardous format in the gaming industry. Our cohort consisted of 103 actual gamblers who reported previous gambling activity on VLT's on a regular basis. We assess the effectiveness of graphic warnings vs. text-only warnings and the effectiveness of two major arguments (i.e., family vs. financial disruption). A 2 × 2 factorial design was used to test the direct and combined effects of two variables (i.e., warning content and presence vs. absence of a graphic). It was found that the presence of a graphic enhances both cognitive appraisal and fear, and has positive effects on the Depth of Information Processing. In addition, graphic content combined with family disruptions is more effective for changing attitudes and complying with the warning than other combinations of the manipulated variables. It is proposed that ELM and PMT complement each other to explain the effects of warnings. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
本研究关注与过度赌博相关的图形警示的效果。它基于源自保护动机理论（PMT）和精细加工可能性模型（ELM）的理论模型。我们关注的是视频老虎机（VLT），这是博彩业中最危险的形式之一。我们的队列由 103 名实际赌徒组成，他们定期报告在 VLT 上的以往赌博活动。我们评估图形警示与仅文本警示的效果，以及两个主要论点（即家庭与财务中断）的效果。使用 2×2 析因设计来测试两个变量（即警示内容和存在与不存在图形）的直接和组合效果。结果发现，图形的存在增强了认知评估和恐惧，并对信息处理深度产生积极影响。此外，与其他变量组合相比，图形内容与家庭中断相结合更能有效改变态度和遵守警示。提出 ELM 和 PMT 相互补充，以解释警示的效果。讨论了理论和实践意义。
