Department of Plant Sciences and Landscape Architecture, 2112 Plant Sciences Building, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.
Stud Mycol. 2012 Mar 15;71(1):1-210. doi: 10.3114/sim0001. Epub 2012 Feb 29.
Although Nectria is the type genus of Nectriaceae (Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, Pezizomycotina, Ascomycota), the systematics of the teleomorphic and anamorphic state of Nectriasensu Rossman has not been studied in detail. The objectives of this study are to 1) provide a phylogenetic overview to determine if species of Nectria with Gyrostroma, Tubercularia, and Zythiostroma anamorphs form a monophyletic group; 2) define Nectria, segregate genera, and their species using morphologically informative characters of teleomorphic and anamorphic states; and 3) provide descriptions and illustrations of these genera and species. To accomplish these objectives, results of phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequence data from six loci (act, ITS, LSU, rpb1, tef1 and tub), were integrated with morphological characterisations of anamorphs and teleomorphs. Results from the phylogenetic analyses demonstrate that species previously regarded as the genus Nectria having Gyrostroma,Tubercularia, and Zythiostroma anamorphs belong in two major paraphyletic clades. The first major clade regarded as the genus Pleonectria contains 26 species with ascoconidia produced by ascospores in asci, perithecial walls having bright yellow scurf, and immersed or superficial pycnidial anamorphs (Zythiostroma = Gyrostroma). A lineage basal to the Pleonectria clade includes Nectria miltina having very small, aseptate ascospores, and trichoderma-like conidiophores and occurring on monocotyledonous plants. These characteristics are unusual in Pleonectria, thus we recognise the monotypic genus Allantonectria with Allantonectria miltina. The second major clade comprises the genus Nectriasensu stricto including the type species, N. cinnabarina, and 28 additional species. Within the genus Nectria, four subclades exist. One subclade includes species with sporodochial anamorphs and another with synnematous anamorphs. The other two paraphyletic subclades include species that produce abundant stromata in which the large perithecia are immersed, large ascospores, and peculiar anamorphs that form pycnidia or sporodochia either on their natural substrate or in culture. In this study the evolution of species, morphology, and ecology of the three genera, Allantonectria, Nectria, and Pleonectria, are discussed based on the phylogenetic analyses. In addition, descriptions, illustrations, and keys for identification are presented for the 56 species in Allantonectria, Nectria, and Pleonectria.
New species:Nectria argentinensis Hirooka, Rossman & P. Chaverri, Nectria berberidicola Hirooka, Lechat, Rossman, & P. Chaverri, Nectria himalayensis Hirooka, Rossman, & P. Chaverri, Nectria magnispora Hirooka, Rossman, & P. Chaverri, Nectria mariae Hirooka, Fournier, Lechat, Rossman, & P. Chaverri, Nectriapyriformis Hirooka, Rossman & P. Chaverri, Pleonectria boothii Hirooka, Rossman & Chaverri, Pleonectria clavatispora Hirooka, Rossman & P. Chaverri, Pleonectria ilicicola Hirooka, Rossman & P. Chaverri, Pleonectria okinawensis Hirooka, Rossman & P. Chaverri, Pleonectria pseudomissouriensis Hirooka, Rossman & P. Chaverri, Pleonectria quercicola Hirooka, Checa, Areual, Rossman & P. Chaverri, Pleonectria strobi Hirooka, Rossman & P. Chaverri. New combinations:Cosmospora proteae (Marinc., M.J. Wingf. & Crous) Hirooka, Rossman & P. Chaverri, Nectricladiellaviticola (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Hirooka, Rossman & P. Chaverri, Neocosmospora guarapiensis (Speg.) Hirooka, Samuels, Rossman & P. Chaverri, Neocosmospora rehmiana (Kirschstein) Hirooka, Samuels, Rossman & P. Chaverri, Pleonectria aquifolii (Fr.) Hirooka, Rossman & P. Chaverri, Pleonectria aurigera (Berk. & Rav.) Hirooka, Rossman & P. Chaverri, Pleonectria chlorinella (Cooke) Hirooka, Rossman & P. Chaverri, Pleonectria coryli (Fuckel) Hirooka, Rossman & P. Chaverri, Pleonectria cucurbitula (Tode: Fr.) Hirooka, Rossman & P. Chaverri, Pleonectria lonicerae (Seeler) Hirooka, Rossman & P. Chaverri, Pleonectria rosellinii (Carestia) Hirooka, Rossman & P. Chaverri, Pleonectria rubicarpa (Cooke) Hirooka, Rossman & P. Chaverri, Pleonectria sinopica (Fr.: Fr.) Hirooka, Rossman & P. Chaverri, Pleonectria sphaerospora (Ellis & Everh) Hirooka, Rossman & P. Chaverri, Pleonectria virens (Harkn.) Hirooka, Rossman & P. Chaverri, Pleonectria zanthoxyli (Peck) Hirooka, Rossman & P. Chaverri.
尽管 Nectria 是 Nectriaceae（Hypocreales，Sordariomycetes，Pezizomycotina，Ascomycota）的模式属，但 Nectriasensu Rossman 的有性态和无性态的系统发育尚未详细研究。本研究的目的是：1）提供一个系统发育概述，以确定具有 Gyrostroma、Tubercularia 和 Zythiostroma 无性型的 Nectria 物种是否形成一个单系群；2）使用有性态和无性态的形态特征定义 Nectria、分类群及其物种；3）描述和说明这些属和种。为了实现这些目标，从 6 个基因座（act、ITS、LSU、rpb1、tef1 和 tub）的 DNA 序列数据进行的系统发育分析结果与无性态和有性态的形态特征相结合。系统发育分析的结果表明，以前被认为属于具有 Gyrostroma、Tubercularia 和 Zythiostroma 无性型的 Nectria 属的物种属于两个主要的并系群。第一个主要的类群被认为是 Pleonectria 属，包含 26 个种，其子囊孢子在子囊内产生分生孢子，子囊壁有亮黄色的鳞屑，并有内生或外生的瓶梗无性型（Zythiostroma=Gyrostroma）。在 Pleonectria 类群的基础上存在一个谱系，包括 Nectria miltina，其具有非常小的、无隔膜的分生孢子，以及 Trichoderma 样的分生孢子梗，发生在单子叶植物上。这些特征在 Pleonectria 中不常见，因此我们承认单种属 Allantonectria，其包含 Allantonectria miltina。第二个主要的类群包括 Nectriasensu stricto 属，包括模式种 N. cinnabarina 和另外 28 个种。在 Nectria 属内，存在四个亚群。一个亚群包括具有孢子梗无性型的种，另一个亚群包括具有 synnematous 无性型的种。另外两个并系的亚群包括产生大量子实体的种，这些子实体浸没在大的子囊壳中，具有大的分生孢子和奇特的无性型，这些无性型形成瓶梗或孢子梗，无论是在其自然基质上还是在培养中。在本研究中，根据系统发育分析讨论了 Allantonectria、Nectria 和 Pleonectria 这三个属的物种、形态和生态学的进化。此外，还为 Allantonectria、Nectria 和 Pleonectria 中的 56 个种提供了描述、说明和鉴定钥匙。
新种：Nectria argentinensis Hirooka、Rossman & P. Chaverri、Nectria berberidicola Hirooka、Lechat、Rossman、& P. Chaverri、Nectria himalayensis Hirooka、Rossman、& P. Chaverri、Nectria magnispora Hirooka、Rossman、& P. Chaverri、Nectria mariae Hirooka、Fournier、Lechat、Rossman、& P. Chaverri、Nectriapyriformis Hirooka、Rossman & P. Chaverri、Pleonectria boothii Hirooka、Rossman & Chaverri、Pleonectria clavatispora Hirooka、Rossman & P. Chaverri、Pleonectria ilicicola Hirooka、Rossman & P. Chaverri、Pleonectria okinawensis Hirooka、Rossman & P. Chaverri、Pleonectria pseudomissouriensis Hirooka、Rossman & P. Chaverri、Pleonectria quercicola Hirooka、Checa、Areual、Rossman & P. Chaverri、Pleonectria strobi Hirooka、Rossman & P. Chaverri。新组合：Cosmospora proteae（Marinc.、M.J. Wingf. & Crous）Hirooka、Rossman & P. Chaverri、Nectricladiellaviticola（Berk. & M.A. Curtis）Hirooka、Rossman & P. Chaverri、Neocosmospora guarapiensis（Speg.）Hirooka、Samuels、Rossman & P. Chaverri、Neocosmospora rehmiana（Kirschstein）Hirooka、Samuels、Rossman & P. Chaverri、Pleonectria aquifolii（Fr.）Hirooka、Rossman & P. Chaverri、Pleonectria aurigera（Berk. & Rav.）Hirooka、Rossman & P. Chaverri、Pleonectria chlorinella（Cooke）Hirooka、Rossman & P. Chaverri、Pleonectria coryli（Fuckel）Hirooka、Rossman & P. Chaverri、Pleonectria cucurbitula（Tode: Fr.）Hirooka、Rossman & P. Chaverri、Pleonectria lonicerae（Seeler）Hirooka、Rossman & P. Chaverri、Pleonectria rosellinii（Carestia）Hirooka、Rossman & P. Chaverri、Pleonectria rubicarpa（Cooke）Hirooka、Rossman & P. Chaverri、Pleonectria sinopica（Fr.: Fr.）Hirooka、Rossman & P. Chaverri、Pleonectria sphaerospora（Ellis & Everh）Hirooka、Rossman & P. Chaverri、Pleonectria virens（Harkn.）Hirooka、Rossman & P. Chaverri、Pleonectria zanthoxyli（Peck）Hirooka、Rossman & P. Chaverri。
