Psychology Department, University of California, Social Sciences II room 277, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.
Psychon Bull Rev. 2012 Oct;19(5):892-8. doi: 10.3758/s13423-012-0275-1.
We examined the effects of hedges and the discourse marker like on how people recalled specific details about precise quantities in spontaneous speech. We found that listeners treated hedged information differently from like-marked information, although both are thought to be indicators of uncertainty or vagueness. In addition, hedges had different effects depending on whether speakers were (1) retelling conversations to another person or (2) answering questions about material they had heard. When retelling to another person, listeners were more likely to report information that was either unmarked or marked with a like than hedged information (Experiment 1). Yet when answering questions by themselves, hedges enhanced memory for details, in comparison with likes (Experiment 2). Hedges appear to provide pragmatic cues about what information is reliable enough to repeat in a conversational context. But although hedged information may be left out, it is not forgotten.
我们考察了模糊限制语和话语标记词“like”对人们在自然语言中回忆特定数量的具体细节的影响。我们发现，尽管两者都被认为是不确定性或模糊性的指标，但听者对模糊限制语和 like 标记语的处理方式不同。此外，模糊限制语的影响取决于说话者是（1）将对话复述给另一个人，还是（2）回答他们所听到的材料的问题。在向另一个人复述时，与模糊限制语相比，听者更有可能报告未标记或标记为 like 的信息（实验 1）。然而，当他们自己回答问题时，与 like 相比，模糊限制语增强了对细节的记忆（实验 2）。模糊限制语似乎提供了关于哪些信息在会话语境中足够可靠可以重复的语用线索。但是，尽管模糊限制语的信息可能被省略，但它并没有被遗忘。
