School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak, Seoul, 151-742, Korea.
Ecotoxicology. 2012 Oct;21(7):2031-50. doi: 10.1007/s10646-012-0956-6. Epub 2012 Jun 19.
To understand potential risks of major pharmaceutical residues in waters, we evaluated ecotoxicities of five major veterinary pharmaceuticals, i.e., chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, sulfamethazine, sulfathiazole, and erythromycin, which have been frequently detected in freshwater environment worldwide. We conducted acute and chronic toxicity tests using two freshwater invertebrates (Daphnia magna and Moina macrocopa) and a fish (Oryzias latipes). In general, D. magna exhibited greater sensitivity than M. macrocopa, and chronic reproduction was the most sensitive endpoints for both organisms. The population growth rate was adversely influenced by exposure to chlortetracycline, sulfamethazine, or sulfathiazole in water fleas, but reduction in population size was not expected. In O. latipes, the tested pharmaceuticals affected several reproduction related endpoints including time to hatch and growth. Based on the toxicity values from the present study and literature, algae appeared to be the most sensitive organism, followed by Daphnia and fish. Hazard quotients derived from measured environmental concentrations (MECs) and predicted no effect concentrations (PNECs) for erythromycin and oxytetracycline exceeded unity, suggesting that potential ecological effects at highly contaminated sites cannot be ruled out. Long-term consequences of veterinary pharmaceutical contamination in the environment deserve further investigation.
为了了解水中主要药物残留的潜在风险，我们评估了五种在世界范围内淡水环境中经常检测到的主要兽药的生态毒性，即金霉素、土霉素、磺胺嘧啶、磺胺噻唑和红霉素。我们使用两种淡水无脊椎动物（大型溞和秀丽隐杆线虫）和一种鱼类（斑马鱼）进行了急性和慢性毒性试验。一般来说，大型溞比秀丽隐杆线虫更敏感，而慢性繁殖是两种生物最敏感的终点。水蚤暴露在金霉素、磺胺嘧啶或磺胺噻唑中会对种群增长率产生不利影响，但预计不会导致种群数量减少。在斑马鱼中，测试的药物会影响几个与繁殖相关的终点，包括孵化时间和生长。根据本研究和文献中的毒性值，藻类似乎是最敏感的生物，其次是大型溞和鱼类。根据实测环境浓度（MECs）和预测无影响浓度（PNECs）得出的红霉素和土霉素的危害系数大于 1，这表明在高度污染的地点可能会产生潜在的生态影响。环境中兽药污染的长期后果值得进一步研究。
