School of Psychology, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, Scotland, United Kingdom.
J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn. 2013 Mar;39(2):348-64. doi: 10.1037/a0028941. Epub 2012 Jun 25.
In this study, we present 3 picture-word interference (PWI) experiments designed to investigate whether lexical selection processes are competitive. We focus on semantic associative relations, which should interfere according to competitive models but not according to certain noncompetitive models. In a modified version of the PWI paradigm, distractor word pairs were simultaneously presented with the target picture. The distractor words were orthographically related directly to the target picture name (distractors: camera bagel; target: camel), indirectly related to the name of a semantic associate of the target (distractors: camera bagel; target: pyramid, an associate of camel), or unrelated. In a first experiment, which included only indirect relations, we failed to find interference from indirectly activated associates. However, in 2 subsequent experiments that included the associates as naming trials within the experiment, we demonstrated that indirect, orthographically mediated activation of associates produces reliable interference effects. The results indicate that semantic interference is not restricted to members of the same category and are problematic for models of lexical selection that do not include lexical competition.
在这项研究中，我们呈现了 3 个图片-词汇干扰（PWI）实验，旨在探讨词汇选择过程是否具有竞争性。我们关注语义联想关系，根据竞争模型，这些关系应该会产生干扰，但根据某些非竞争模型则不会。在 PWI 范式的一种改良版本中，干扰词对与目标图片同时呈现。干扰词与目标图片名称在拼写上直接相关（干扰词：相机百吉饼；目标：骆驼），与目标的语义联想词在名称上间接相关（干扰词：相机百吉饼；目标：金字塔，骆驼的一个联想词），或者不相关。在仅包含间接关系的第一个实验中，我们未能发现来自间接激活联想词的干扰。然而，在随后的 2 个实验中，这些实验将联想词作为实验内的命名试验，我们证明了间接的、拼写上介导的联想词激活会产生可靠的干扰效应。结果表明，语义干扰不仅限于同一类别成员，而且对不包括词汇竞争的词汇选择模型提出了挑战。
