Sequential interaction of chloride and proton ions with the fast gate steer the voltage-dependent gating in ClC-2 chloride channels.

The interaction of either H(+) or Cl(-) ions with the fast gate is the major source of voltage (V(m)) dependence in ClC Cl(-) channels. However, the mechanism by which these ions confer V(m) dependence to the ClC-2 Cl(-) channel remains unclear. By determining the V(m) dependence of normalized conductance (G(norm)(V(m))), an index of open probability, ClC-2 gating was studied at different H(+), H(+) and Cl(-). Changing H(+) by five orders of magnitude whilst Cl(-)/Cl(-) = 140/140 or 10/140 mm slightly shifted G(norm)(V(m)) to negative V(m) without altering the onset kinetics; however, channel closing was slower at acidic pH(i). A similar change in H(+) with Cl(-)/Cl(-) = 140/140 mm enhanced G(norm) in a bell-shaped manner and shifted G(norm)(V(m)) curves to positive V(m). Importantly, G(norm) was >0 with H(+) = 10(-10) m but channel closing was slower when H(+) or Cl(-) increased implying that ClC-2 was opened without protonation and that external H(+) and/or internal Cl(-) ions stabilized the open conformation. The analysis of kinetics and steady-state properties at different H(+) and Cl(-) was carried out using a gating Scheme coupled to Cl(-) permeation. Unlike previous results showing V(m)-dependent protonation, our analysis revealed that fast gate protonation was V(m) and Cl(-) independent and the equilibrium constant for closed–open transition of unprotonated channels was facilitated by elevated Cl(-) in a V(m)-dependent manner. Hence a V(m) dependence of pore occupancy by Cl(-) induces a conformational change in unprotonated closed channels, before the pore opens, and the open conformation is stabilized by Cl(-) occupancy and V(m)-independent protonation.