Wicha Nicole Y Y, Orozco-Figueroa Araceli, Reyes Iliana, Hernandez Arturo, de Barreto Lourdes Gavaldón, Bates Elizabeth A
University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
Lang Cogn Process. 2005 Aug 1;20(4):553-587. doi: 10.1080/01690960444000241. Epub 2007 Mar 6.
This study investigates the contribution of grammatical gender to integrating depicted nouns into sentences during on-line comprehension, and whether semantic congruity and gender agreement interact using two tasks: naming and semantic judgement of pictures. Native Spanish speakers comprehended spoken Spanish sentences with an embedded line drawing, which replaced a noun that either made sense or not with the preceding sentence context and either matched or mismatched the gender of the preceding article. In Experiment 1a (picture naming) slower naming times were found for gender mismatching pictures than matches, as well as for semantically incongruous pictures than congruous ones. In addition, the effects of gender agreement and semantic congruity interacted; specifically, pictures that were both semantically incongruous and gender mismatching were named slowest, but not as slow as if adding independent delays from both violations. Compared with a neutral baseline, with pictures embedded in simple command sentences like "Now please say ____", both facilitative and inhibitory effects were observed. Experiment 1b replicated these results with low-cloze gender-neutral sentences, more similar in structure and processing demands to the experimental sentences. In Experiment 2, participants judged a picture's semantic fit within a sentence by button-press; gender agreement and semantic congruity again interacted, with gender agreement having an effect on congruous but not incongruous pictures. Two distinct effects of gender are hypothesised: a "global" predictive effect (observed with and without overt noun production), and a "local" inhibitory effect (observed only with production of gender-discordant nouns).
本研究通过两项任务——图片命名和语义判断，调查了语法性在在线理解过程中对将所描绘名词整合到句子中的作用，以及语义一致性和性一致是否相互作用。以西班牙语为母语的人理解带有嵌入式线条图的西班牙语句子，该线条图在前一句语境中替换了一个有意义或无意义的名词，并且该名词与前一个冠词的性要么匹配要么不匹配。在实验1a（图片命名）中，发现性别不匹配的图片比匹配的图片命名时间更长，语义不一致的图片比一致的图片命名时间更长。此外，性一致和语义一致性的影响相互作用；具体而言，语义不一致且性别不匹配的图片命名最慢，但不像两种违规情况各自独立延迟时那么慢。与中性基线相比，当图片嵌入简单的指令性句子（如“现在请说出____”）时，观察到了促进和抑制两种效应。实验1b用低完形度的中性性别句子重复了这些结果，这些句子在结构和处理要求上与实验句子更相似。在实验2中，参与者通过按键判断图片在句子中的语义契合度；性一致和语义一致性再次相互作用，性一致对语义一致的图片有影响，对语义不一致的图片则没有影响。假设性别有两种不同的效应：一种“全局”预测效应（在有或没有显性名词产出的情况下都能观察到），以及一种“局部”抑制效应（仅在产出性别不一致的名词时能观察到）。
