Department of Social Informatics, Kyoto University, Yoshida Honmachi, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
Environ Manage. 2012 Oct;50(4):750-65. doi: 10.1007/s00267-012-9895-5. Epub 2012 Jul 14.
Since the 1950s, there has been a continuous increase in the number and coverage of protected areas (PAs) in Iran, and in total 253 PAs have been declared that cover 10.12 % of the country's area. This paper reviews literature addressing Iran's PAs, examines what is known about them, highlights the challenges and lessons learned, and identifies areas where more research is needed. The PA system in Iran is criticized because of (1) shortages of manpower, equipment, and financial resources; (2) de jure PAs that are often implemented as de facto reserves; (3) lack of national biodiversity indicators and objective monitoring processes; and (4) limited public participation and conflict between people over PAs. To improve, Iran's PAs system needs to be realistically supported by policies and planning instruments. In addition, the implementation of active management to restore habitat, increase education and awareness, shift practices towards the guidelines of international organizations, build capacity, and improve management and co-management by local communities needs to occur.
自 20 世纪 50 年代以来，伊朗的保护区（PAs）数量和覆盖范围持续增加，共有 253 个 PAs 被宣布，覆盖了该国面积的 10.12%。本文回顾了有关伊朗保护区的文献，考察了人们对这些保护区的了解情况，强调了面临的挑战和经验教训，并确定了需要进一步研究的领域。伊朗的保护区系统受到批评，原因包括：（1）人力、设备和财政资源短缺；（2）法律上的保护区往往实际实施为保护区；（3）缺乏国家生物多样性指标和客观监测程序；（4）公众参与有限，以及保护区内外的利益冲突。为了改善这种情况，伊朗的保护区系统需要得到政策和规划工具的切实支持。此外，还需要实施积极的管理措施来恢复栖息地，加强教育和提高认识，将实践转向国际组织的指导方针，建设能力，并改善地方社区的管理和共同管理。
