Department of Developmental Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
Annu Rev Psychol. 2013;64:231-55. doi: 10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143812. Epub 2012 Jul 12.
From an evolutionary perspective, morality is a form of cooperation. Cooperation requires individuals either to suppress their own self-interest or to equate it with that of others. We review recent research on the origins of human morality, both phylogenetic (research with apes) and ontogenetic (research with children). For both time frames we propose a two-step sequence: first a second-personal morality in which individuals are sympathetic or fair to particular others, and second an agent-neutral morality in which individuals follow and enforce group-wide social norms. Human morality arose evolutionarily as a set of skills and motives for cooperating with others, and the ontogeny of these skills and motives unfolds in part naturally and in part as a result of sociocultural contexts and interactions.
从进化的角度来看，道德是一种合作形式。合作要求个人要么抑制自己的私利，要么将其与他人的私利等同起来。我们回顾了最近关于人类道德起源的研究，包括进化（与猿类的研究）和个体发生（与儿童的研究）。对于这两个时间框架，我们提出了一个两步序列：首先是第二人称道德，其中个体对特定的他人具有同情心或公平性，其次是代理人中立的道德，其中个体遵循和执行群体范围内的社会规范。人类道德是作为与他人合作的一系列技能和动机而在进化中产生的，这些技能和动机的个体发生部分是自然的，部分是社会文化背景和相互作用的结果。
