Rumar K
Swedish Road and Traffic Research Institute (VTI), Linköping.
Ergonomics. 1990 Oct-Nov;33(10-11):1281-90. doi: 10.1080/00140139008925332.
Over the past two or three decades we have been quite successful in reducing injuries of car occupants by the use of energy-absorbing techniques; but we have not been as successful in reducing the risks of having collisions. When drivers are asked why an accident occurred very often they claim that they saw the other road user too late to avoid collision. This paper discusses the basic road user error of failing to see another road user in time, why such errors happen, and how they can be reduced. A detection error is basic, because without detection no processing of information, no decision process including that road user, takes place. Among the many causes of detection error two of the more important are: a lapse of cognitive expectation, illustrated by the failure to scan for a particular class of road user, or to look in the appropriate direction; a difficulty with perceptual thresholds, illustrated by the failure to discern the relevant stimuli in lower levels of ambient illumination or in situations where vehicles approach in the peripheral visual field of road users.
在过去的二三十年里，我们通过使用能量吸收技术在减少汽车驾乘人员受伤方面取得了相当大的成功；但在降低碰撞风险方面却没有那么成功。当司机被问及事故为何发生时，他们常常声称看到其他道路使用者的时间太晚，无法避免碰撞。本文讨论了未能及时看到其他道路使用者这一基本的道路使用者错误、此类错误发生的原因以及如何减少这些错误。检测错误是基本的，因为没有检测就不会有信息处理，也不会有包括该道路使用者在内的决策过程。在检测错误的众多原因中，两个较为重要的原因是：认知期望的失误，表现为未能扫视特定类别的道路使用者或看向适当的方向；感知阈值方面的困难，表现为在较低的环境光照水平下或车辆在道路使用者的周边视野中接近的情况下，未能辨别相关刺激。
