European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Via Enrico Fermi, 21020 Ispra, Italy.
Environ Sci Technol. 2009 Dec 15;43(24):9237-44. doi: 10.1021/es901246d.
A spatially distributed data set of measured concentrations of perfluorooctansulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) was used, together with climatological averages of river flow, to estimate their overall aqueous emissions from the European Continent. This estimate relies on the assumption that PFOA/S are conservative chemicals. PFOS correlates rather well with river basin population, and its emissions can be estimated by regression for nonmonitored catchments. As such, regression equations were derived in both linear and log-linear form, the latter explaining a much higher portion of variance. Unlike PFOS, PFOA discharges are strongly influenced by point emissions from industrial facilities; they only correlate with catchment population below a threshold of 0.5 tons per year, and point source industrial emissions cannot be neglected in the estimation of PFOA loads. The lumped loads of PFOA from diffuse and point sources are reasonably described by a single log-linear regression model as a function of population in the catchment, likely owing to the fact that fluoropolymer industries located in highly populated catchments are more frequent as well. Overall, by using the log-linear models derived in this paper, PFOS and PFOA discharges along the whole European river network to coastal areas in Europe have been estimated for the year 2007 to be in the order of 20 and 30 tons per year, respectively.
利用实测的全氟辛烷磺酸 (PFOS) 和全氟辛酸 (PFOA) 浓度的空间分布数据集，结合河川流量的气候平均值，估算了其从欧洲大陆的整体水相排放量。这一估算依赖于 PFOA/S 是保守化学品的假设。PFOS 与流域人口相当相关，可通过对未监测集水区的回归来估算其排放量。因此，以线性和对数线性形式推导出了回归方程，后者解释了更高比例的方差。与 PFOS 不同，PFOA 的排放受工业设施点源排放的强烈影响；它们仅与每年 0.5 吨以下的集水区人口相关，在估算 PFOA 负荷时不能忽视点源工业排放。由于位于人口众多的集水区的氟聚合物工业更为常见，因此将弥散源和点源的 PFOA 综合负荷合理地描述为集水区人口的单一对数线性回归模型函数。总体而言，通过使用本文中推导的对数线性模型，估算了 2007 年整个欧洲河网到欧洲沿海地区的 PFOS 和 PFOA 排放量，分别约为每年 20 吨和 30 吨。
