Shanghai Applied Radiation Institute, School of Environmental and Chemical engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 201800, China.
J Environ Sci (China). 2012;24(5):882-90. doi: 10.1016/s1001-0742(11)60870-x.
Ambient coarse particles (diameter 1.8-10 microm), fine particles (diameter 0.1-1.8 microm), and ultrafine particles (diameter < 0.1 microm) in the atmosphere of the city of Shanghai were sampled during the summer of 2008 (from Aug 27 to Sep 08). Microscopic characterization of the particles was investigated by scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX). Mass concentrations of Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Br, Rb, Sr, and Pb in the size-resolved particles were quantified by using synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence (SRXRF). Source apportionment of the chemical elements was analyzed by means of an enrichment factor method. Our results showed that the average mass concentrations of coarse particles, fine particles and ultrafine particles in the summer air were 9.38 +/- 2.18, 8.82 +/- 3.52, and 2.02 +/- 0.41 microg/m3, respectively. The mass percentage of the fine particles accounted for 51.47% in the total mass of PM10, indicating that fine particles are the major component in the Shanghai ambient particles. SEM/EDX results showed that the coarse particles were dominated by minerals, fine particles by soot aggregates and fly ashes, and ultrafine particles by soot particles and unidentified particles. SRXRF results demonstrated that crustal elements were mainly distributed in the coarse particles, while heavy metals were in higher proportions in the fine particles. Source apportionment revealed that Si, K, Ca, Fe, Mn, Rb, and Sr were from crustal sources, and S, Cl, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Br, and Pb from anthropogenic sources. Levels of P, V, Cr, and Ni in particles might be contributed from multi-sources, and need further investigation.
2008 年夏（8 月 27 日至 9 月 8 日），采集了上海市大气中的环境粗粒子（直径 1.8-10 微米）、细粒子（直径 0.1-1.8 微米）和超细粒子（直径 < 0.1 微米）。通过扫描电子显微镜结合能量色散 X 射线光谱（SEM/EDX）对粒子进行微观特征研究。利用同步辐射 X 射线荧光（SRXRF）定量测定了粒径分辨颗粒中 Si、P、S、Cl、K、Ca、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Se、Br、Rb、Sr 和 Pb 的质量浓度。采用富集因子法对化学元素进行源分配分析。结果表明，夏季空气中粗粒子、细粒子和超细粒子的平均质量浓度分别为 9.38 +/- 2.18、8.82 +/- 3.52 和 2.02 +/- 0.41 microg/m3。细粒子在 PM10 总质量中的质量百分比占 51.47%，表明细粒子是上海环境粒子的主要成分。SEM/EDX 结果表明，粗粒子主要由矿物质组成，细粒子主要由烟尘团聚体和飞灰组成，超细粒子主要由烟尘颗粒和未知颗粒组成。SRXRF 结果表明，地壳元素主要分布在粗粒子中，而重金属在细粒子中比例较高。源分配表明 Si、K、Ca、Fe、Mn、Rb 和 Sr 来自地壳源，S、Cl、Cu、Zn、As、Se、Br 和 Pb 来自人为源。颗粒中 P、V、Cr 和 Ni 的水平可能来自多源，需要进一步研究。
